Jornal Vascular Brasileiro
https://jvascbras.org/article/doi/10.1590/1677-5449.190148
Jornal Vascular Brasileiro
Review Article

Tromboembolismo venoso na mulher: novos desafios para uma velha doença

Venous thromboembolism in women: new challenges for an old disease

André Luiz Malavasi Longo de Oliveira; Adilson Ferraz Paschôa; Marcos Arêas Marques

Downloads: 1
Views: 1873

Resumo

Resumo: Nos países que controlaram as causas clássicas de óbito materno, como eclâmpsia e hemorragia, o tromboembolismo venoso (TEV) passou a ser a principal preocupação. A prevenção do TEV na gestação e no puerpério, por meio de diretrizes e da instituição de farmacoprofilaxia, é ainda a melhor estratégia para reduzir essa complicação. Os contraceptivos hormonais e a terapia de reposição hormonal também aumentam o risco de TEV; porém, as mulheres não podem ser privadas dos benefícios dessas terapias, que as tornam mais livres na idade fértil e menos sintomáticas na menopausa. Tanto o uso indiscriminado quanto a proibição imotivada são inadequados. A escolha dos métodos contraceptivos e de reposição deve ser feita por criteriosa seleção, avaliando as contraindicações, os critérios de elegibilidade e a autonomia das pacientes. O presente artigo apresenta uma revisão não sistemática da literatura recente visando a avaliar e resumir a associação entre TEV e situações clínicas peculiares ao sexo feminino.

Palavras-chave

trombose, anticoncepcionais, gravidez, terapia de reposição hormonal, mulheres, embolia pulmonar

Abstract

In countries that have controlled classic causes of maternal death, such as eclampsia and hemorrhage, venous thromboembolism (VTE) has become the major concern. Prevention of VTE during pregnancy and postpartum by applying guidelines and implementing pharmacoprophylaxis is still the best strategy to reduce occurrence of this complication. Hormonal contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy also increase the risk of VTE, but women cannot be deprived of their benefits, which increase their freedom at childbearing age and reduce their symptoms at menopause. Both indiscriminate use and unmotivated prohibition are inappropriate. Contraceptive and hormone replacement methods should be chosen with care, evaluating the patients’ contraindications, eligibility criteria, and autonomy. This article presents a nonsystematic review of recent literature with the aim of evaluating and summarizing the associations between VTE and clinical situations peculiar to women.

Keywords

thrombosis; contraceptive agents; pregnancy; hormone replacement therapy; women; pulmonary embolism

References

1 Say L, Chou D, Gemmill A, et al. Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2014;2(6):e323-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70227-X. PMid:25103301.

2 Chan WS, Ray JG, Murray S, Coady GE, Coates G, Ginsberg JS. Suspected pulmonary embolism in pregnancy: clinical presentation, results of lung scanning, and subsequent maternal and pediatric outcomes. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162(10):1170-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.10.1170. PMid:12020189.

3 Simcox LE, Ormesher L, Tower C, Greer IA. Pulmonary thromboembolism in pregnancy: diagnosis and management. Breathe. 2015;11(4):282-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/20734735.008815. PMid:27066121.

4 Greer IA. Thrombosis in pregnancy: updates in diagnosis and management. Hematology. 2012;2012(1):203-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/asheducation.V2012.1.203.3798262. PMid:23233582.

5 Kamel H, Navi BB, Sriram N, Hovsepian DA, Devereux RB, Elkind MS. Risk of a thrombotic event after the 6-week postpartum period. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(14):1307-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1311485. PMid:24524551.

6 Oliveira ALML, Marques MA. Profilaxia de tromboembolismo venoso na gestação. J Vasc Bras. 2016;15(4):293-301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.006616. PMid:29930607.

7 Heit JA, Kobbervig CE, James AH, Petterson TM, Bailey KR, Melton LJ 3rd. Trends in the incidence of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy or postpartum: a 30-year population-based study. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143(10):697-706. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-143-10-200511150-00006. PMid:16287790.

8 Sultan AA, West J, Tata LJ, Fleming KM, Nelson-Piercy C, Grainge MJ. Risk of first venous thromboembolism in and around pregnancy: a population-based cohort study. Br J Haematol. 2012;156(3):366-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08956.x. PMid:22145820.

9 Virkus RA, Lokkegaard EC, Bergholt T, Mogensen U, Langhoff-Roos J, Lidegaard O. Venous thromboembolism in pregnant and puerperal women in Denmark 1995-2005: a national cohort study. Thromb Haemost. 2011;106(2):304-9. PMid:21713323.

10 Lewis G. Saving mothers’ lives: reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer - 2003-2005: the seventh report of the confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in the United Kingdom. London: CEMACH; 2007. 266 p.

11 Jacobsen AF, Skjeldestad FE, Sandset PM. Incidence and risk patterns of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy and puerperium--a register-based case-control study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;198(2):233.e1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2007.08.041. PMid:17997389.

12 Larsen TB, Sorensen HT, Gislum M, Johnsen SP. Maternal smoking, obesity, and risk of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy and the puerperium: a population-based nested case-control study. Thromb Res. 2007;120(4):505-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2006.12.003. PMid:17257657.

13 Lindqvist P, Dahlback B, Marsal K. Thrombotic risk during pregnancy: a population study. Obstet Gynecol. 1999;94(4):595-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-199910000-00021. PMid:10511366.

14 Nelson-Piercy C. Handbook of obstetric medicine. New York: Informa Healthcare; 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/9781841847382.

15 Scifres CM, Macones GA. The utility of thrombophilia testing in pregnant women with thrombosis: fact or fiction? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;199(4):344.e1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2008.04.051. PMid:18572147.

16 American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Women's Health Care Physicians. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 138: Inherited thrombophilias in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122(3):706-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000433981.36184.4e. PMid:23963422.

17 Paschôa AF, Guillaumon AT. Impact of screening on thrombophilia for patients with venous thrombosis. Int Angiol. 2006;25(1):52-9. PMid:16520725.

18 Anderson FA Jr, Spencer FA. Risk factors for venous thromboembolism. Circulation. 2003;107(23, Suppl 1):I9-16. PMid:12814980.

19 Care A. Routine care for the healthy pregnant woman. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; 2008.

20 Sultan AA, Tata LJ, West J, et al. Risk factors for first venous thromboembolism around pregnancy: a population-based cohort study from the United Kingdom. Blood. 2013;121(19):3953-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2012-11-469551. PMid:23550034.

21 Home Office. Safety and justice: the government’s proposals on domestic violence. London: RCOG; 2003 [citado 2019 nov 27]. http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20131205100653/http://www.archive2.official-documents.co.uk/document/cm58/5847/5847.pdf

22 Liu S, Rouleau J, Joseph KS, et al. Epidemiology of pregnancy-associated venous thromboembolism: a population-based study in Canada. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2009;31(7):611-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1701-2163(16)34240-2. PMid:19761634.

23 Montenegro CAB, Rezende J Fo. Rezende: obstetrícia fundamental. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan; 2017. p. 514-520.

24 Bates SM, Middeldorp S, Rodger M, James AH, Greer I. Guidance for the treatment and prevention of obstetric-associated venous thromboembolism. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2016;41(1):92-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11239-015-1309-0. PMid:26780741.

25 Bates SM, Greer IA, Middeldorp S, Veenstra DL, Prabulos AM, Vandvik PO. VTE, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2, Suppl):e691S-736S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.11-2300. PMid:22315276.

26 Chan WS, Rey E, Kent NE, et al. Venous thromboembolism and antithrombotic therapy in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2014;36(6):527-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1701-2163(15)30569-7. PMid:24927193.

27 James A. Practice bulletin no. 123: thromboembolism in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;118(3):718-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182310c4c. PMid:21860313.

28 Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Thrombosis and embolism during pregnancy and the puerperium: acute management (Green-top Guideline No. 37b). London: RCOG; 2015 [citado 2019 nov 27]. https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg37b

29 Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Thrombosis and embolism during pregnancy and the puerperium: acute management (Green-top Guideline No. 37b). London: RCOG; 2016 [citado 2019 nov 27]. https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg37b

30 American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 110: noncontraceptive uses of hormonal contraceptives. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;115(1):206-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181cb50b5. PMid:20027071.

31 Reid R, Leyland N, Wolfman W, et al. Oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thromboembolism: an update. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2010;32(12):1192-204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1701-2163(16)34746-6. PMid:21176332.

32 Vieira R, Dal Fabbro AL, Rodrigues AL Jr. Características do uso de métodos anticoncepcionais, o Estado de São Paulo. Rev Saude Publica. 2002;36(3):263-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102002000300002. PMid:12131963.

33 Stegeman BH, de Bastos M, Rosendaal FR, et al. Different combined oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thrombosis: systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2013;347(sep12 1):f5298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f5298. PMid:24030561.

34 Dinger JC, Heinemann LA, Kuhl-Habich D. The safety of a drospirenone containing oral contraceptive: final results from the European Active Surveillance Study on oral contraceptives based on 142,475 women-years of observation. Contraception. 2007;75(5):344-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2006.12.019. PMid:17434015.

35 Pomp ER, Lenselink AM, Rosendaal FR, Doggen CJ. Pregnancy, the postpartum period and prothrombotic defects: risk of venous thrombosis in the MEGA study. J Thromb Haemost. 2008;6(4):632-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.02921.x. PMid:18248600.

36 Gallo MF, Nanda K, Grimes DA, Schulz KF. Twenty micrograms vs. >20 mcg estrogens oral contraceptives for contraception: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Contraception. 2005;71(3):162-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2004.09.005. PMid:15722064.

37 Conard J. Biological coagulation findings in third-generation oral contraceptives. Hum Reprod Update. 1999;5(6):672-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humupd/5.6.672. PMid:10652977.

38 Blanco-Molina A. Oral contraception in women with mild thrombophilia: what have we learned recently? Thromb Res. 2012;130(Suppl 1):S16-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2012.08.263. PMid:23026651.

39 Vandenbroucke JP, Koster T, Rosendaal FR, Briët E, Reitsma PH, Bertina RM. Increased risk of venous thrombosis in oral-contraceptive users who are carriers of factor V Leiden mutation. Lancet. 1994;344(8935):1453-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(94)90286-0. PMid:7968118.

40 Eichinger S, Evers JLH, Glasier A, et al. Venous thromboembolism in women: a specific reproductive health risk. Hum Reprod Update. 2013;19(5):471-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmt028. PMid:23825156.

41 WHO Expert Group. Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use: reproductive health and research. 4th ed. Geneva: WHO.

42 Bezemer ID, van der Meer FJ, Eikenboom JC, Rosendaal FR, Doggen CJ. The value of family history as a risk indicator for venous thrombosis. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(6):610-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2008.589. PMid:19307525.

43 Sonnevi K, Bergendal A, Adami J, Larfars G, Kieler H. Self-reported family history in estimating the risk of hormone, surgery and cast related VTE in women. Thromb Res. 2013;132(2):164-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2013.06.003. PMid:23800637.

44 World Health Organization. Effect of different progestagens in low oestrogen oral contraceptives on venous thromboembolic disease. WHO Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception. Lancet. 1995;346(8990):1582-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(95)91927-9. PMid:7500749.

45 Lidegaard O, Nielsen LH, Skovlund CW, Lokkegaard E. Venous thrombosis in users of non-oral hormonal contraception: follow-up study, Denmark 2001-10. BMJ. 2012;344(3):e2990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e2990. PMid:22577198.

46 Suissa S, Blais L, Spitzer WO, Cusson J, Lewis M, Heinemann L. First-time use of newer oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thromboembolism. Contraception. 1997;56(3):141-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0010-7824(97)00119-4. PMid:9347203.

47 McCann MF, Potter LS. Progestin-only oral contraception: a comprehensive review. Contraception. 1994;50(6, Suppl 1):S1-195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-7824(94)90113-9. PMid:10226677.

48 Tchaikovski S, Rosendaal F, Rosing J, Helmerhorst F, Van Vliet H. The effect of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system on the resistance to activated protein C (APC). Thromb Haemost. 2009;101(4):691-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/TH08-09-0621. PMid:19350113.

49 Van Voorhis BJ. Clinical practice. In vitro fertilization. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(4):379-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp065743. PMid:17251534.

50 Steptoe PC, Edwards RG. Birth after the reimplantation of a human embryo. Lancet. 1978;2(8085):366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(78)92957-4. PMid:79723.

51 The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet. Human in vitro fertilization. Stockholm; 2010 [citado 2019 nov 27]. http://static.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2010/adv.pdf

52 Malizia BA, Hacker MR, Penzias AS. Cumulative live-birth rates after in vitro fertilization. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(3):236-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0803072. PMid:19144939.

53 Mára M, Koryntova D, Rezabek K, et al. Thromboembolic complications in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization: retrospective clinical study. Ceska Gynekol. 2004;69(4):312-6. PMid:15369253.

54 Chan WS, Ginsberg JS. A review of upper extremity deep vein thrombosis in pregnancy: unmasking the ‘ART’ behind the clot. J Thromb Haemost. 2006;4(8):1673-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.02026.x. PMid:16879207.

55 Delvigne A, Demoulin A, Smitz J, et al. The ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in in-vitro fertilization: a Belgian multicentric study. I. Clinical and biological features. Hum Reprod. 1993;8(9):1353-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138260. PMid:8253917.

56 Abramov Y, Elchalal U, Schenker JG. Obstetric outcome of in vitro fertilized pregnancies complicated by severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: a multicenter study. Fertil Steril. 1998;70(6):1070-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(98)00350-1. PMid:9848297.

57 Serour GI, Aboulghar M, Mansour R, Sattar MA, Amin Y, Aboulghar H. Complications of medically assisted conception in 3,500 cycles. Fertil Steril. 1998;70(4):638-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(98)00250-7. PMid:9797090.

58 Budev MM, Arroliga AC, Falcone T. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(10, Suppl):S301-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000182795.31757.CE. PMid:16215351.

59 Rova K, Passmark H, Lindqvist PG. Venous thromboembolism in relation to in vitro fertilization: an approach to determining the incidence and increase in risk in successful cycles. Fertil Steril. 2012;97(1):95-100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.10.038. PMid:22118992.

60 Chan WS. The ‘ART’ of thrombosis: a review of arterial and venous thrombosis in assisted reproductive technology. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2009;21(3):207-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/GCO.0b013e328329c2b8. PMid:19276806.

61 Chan WS, Dixon ME. The “ART” of thromboembolism: a review of assisted reproductive technology and thromboembolic complications. Thromb Res. 2008;121(6):713-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2007.05.023. PMid:17659766.

62 Klemetti R, Sevon T, Gissler M, Hemminki E. Complications of IVF and ovulation induction. Hum Reprod. 2005;20(12):3293-300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dei253. PMid:16126753.

63 Whelan JG 3rd, Vlahos NF. The ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2000;73(5):883-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(00)00491-X. PMid:10785212.

64 Ou YC, Kao YL, Lai SL, et al. Thromboembolism after ovarian stimulation: successful management of a woman with superior sagittal sinus thrombosis after IVF and embryo transfer: case report. Hum Reprod. 2003;18(11):2375-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deg470. PMid:14585890.

65 Bauersachs RM, Manolopoulos K, Hoppe I, Arin MJ, Schleussner E. More on: the ‘ART’ behind the clot: solving the mystery. J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5(2):438-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02339.x. PMid:17269941.

66 Richardson MA, Berg DT, Calnek DS, Ciaccia AV, Joyce DE, Grinnell BW. 17beta-estradiol, but not raloxifene, decreases thrombomodulin in the antithrombotic protein C pathway. Endocrinology. 2000;141(10):3908-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo.141.10.7798. PMid:11014248.

67 Salomon O, Schiby G, Heiman Z, et al. Combined jugular and subclavian vein thrombosis following assisted reproductive technology-new observation. Fertil Steril. 2009;92(2):620-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.07.1708. PMid:18710711.

68 Stewart JA, Hamilton PJ, Murdoch AP. Thromboembolic disease associated with ovarian stimulation and assisted conception techniques. Hum Reprod. 1997;12(10):2167-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/12.10.2167. PMid:9402276.

69 Scarabin PY. Hormone therapy and venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women. Front Horm Res. 2014;43:21-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000360554. PMid:24943295.

70 Oger E. Incidence of venous thromboembolism: a community-based study in Western France. EPI-GETBP Study Group. Groupe d’Etude de la Thrombose de Bretagne Occidentale. Thromb Haemost. 2000;83(5):657-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1613887. PMid:10823257.

71 Olié V, Canonico M, Scarabin PY. Risk of venous thrombosis with oral versus transdermal estrogen therapy among postmenopausal women. Curr Opin Hematol. 2010;17(5):457-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MOH.0b013e32833c07bc. PMid:20601871.

72 Canonico M. Hormone therapy and risk of venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 2015;82(3):304-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.06.040. PMid:26276103.

73 Anderson FA Jr, Wheeler HB, Goldberg RJ, et al. A population-based perspective of the hospital incidence and case-fatality rates of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: the Worcester DVT Study. Arch Intern Med. 1991;151(5):933-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1991.00400050081016. PMid:2025141.

74 Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288(3):321-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.3.321. PMid:12117397.

75 Granata R. IJeCIiE, Front Horm Res. Basel K. 2014;43:21-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000360554.

76 Daly E, Vessey MP, Hawkins MM, Carson JL, Gough P, Marsh S. Risk of venous thromboembolism in users of hormone replacement therapy. Lancet. 1996;348(9033):977-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)07113-9. PMid:8855852.

77 Pérez Gutthann S, Rodriguez L. A G., Castellsague J, Oliart AD. Hormone replacement therapy and risk of venous thromboembolism: population based case control study. BMJ. 1997;314(7083):796-800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7083.796. PMid:9081000.

78 Høibraatenn E, Abdelnoor M, Sandset PM. Hormone replacement therapy with estradiol and risk of venous thromboembolism: a population-based case-control study. Thromb Haemost. 1999;82(4):1218-21. PMid:10544901.

79 Douketis JD, Julian JA, Kearon C, et al. Does the type of hormone replacement therapy influence the risk of deep vein thrombosis? A prospective case-control study. J Thromb Haemost. 2005;3(5):943-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01268.x. PMid:15869589.

80 Scarabin PY, Oger E, Plu-Bureau G. Differential association of oral and transdermal oestrogen-replacement therapy with venous thromboembolism risk. Lancet. 2003;362(9382):428-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14066-4. PMid:12927428.

81 Canonico M, Oger E, Plu-Bureau G, et al. Hormone therapy and venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women: impact of the route of estrogen administration and progestogens: the ESTHER study. Circulation. 2007;115(7):840-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.642280. PMid:17309934.

82 Renoux C, Dell’Aniello S, Suissa S. Hormone replacement therapy and the risk of venous thromboembolism: a population-based study. J Thromb Haemost. 2010;8(5):979-86. PMid:20230416.

83 Canonico M, Fournier A, Carcaillon L, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of idiopathic venous thromboembolism: results from the E3N cohort study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010;30(2):340-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.109.196022. PMid:19834106.

84 Sweetland S, Beral V, Balkwill A, et al. Venous thromboembolism risk in relation to use of different types of postmenopausal hormone therapy in a large prospective study. J Thromb Haemost. 2012;10(11):2277-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04919.x. PMid:22963114.

85 Roach RE, Lijfering WM, Helmerhorst FM, Cannegieter SC, Rosendaal FR, van Hylckama Vlieg A. The risk of venous thrombosis in women over 50 years old using oral contraception or postmenopausal hormone therapy. J Thromb Haemost. 2013;11(1):124-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.12060. PMid:23136837.

86 Canonico M, Plu-Bureau G, Scarabin PY. Progestagens and venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women using hormone therapy. Maturitas. 2011;70(4):354-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.10.002. PMid:22024394.

87 Canonico M, Plu-Bureau G, Lowe GD, Scarabin PY. Hormone replacement therapy and risk of venous thromboembolism in postmenopausal women: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2008;336(7655):1227-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39555.441944.BE. PMid:18495631.

88 Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, et al. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. JAMA. 1998;280(7):605-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.280.7.605. PMid:9718051.

89 Høibraaten E, Qvigstad E, Arnesen H, Larsen S, Wickstrom E, Sandset PM. Increased risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism during hormone replacement therapy: results of the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled estrogen in venous thromboembolism trial (EVTET). Thromb Haemost. 2000;84(6):961-7. PMid:11154141.

90 Cushman M, Kuller LH, Prentice R, et al. Estrogen plus progestin and risk of venous thrombosis. JAMA. 2004;292(13):1573-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.292.13.1573. PMid:15467059.

91 Curb JD, Prentice RL, Bray PF, et al. Venous thrombosis and conjugated equine estrogen in women without a uterus. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(7):772-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.7.772. PMid:16606815.

92 Vickers MR, MacLennan AH, Lawton B, et al. Main morbidities recorded in the women’s international study of long duration oestrogen after menopause (WISDOM): a randomised controlled trial of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. BMJ. 2007;335(7613):239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39266.425069.AD. PMid:17626056.

93 Scarabin PY, Hemker HC, Clement C, Soisson V, Alhenc-Gelas M. Increased thrombin generation among postmenopausal women using hormone therapy: importance of the route of estrogen administration and progestagens. Menopause. 2011;18(8):873-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e31820eee88. PMid:21487317.

94 Scarabin PY, Alhenc-Gelas M, Plu-Bureau G, Taisne P, Agher R, Aiach M. Effects of oral and transdermal estrogen/progesterone regimens on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in postmenopausal women. A randomized controlled trial. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997;17(11):3071-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.17.11.3071. PMid:9409295.

95 Oger E, Alhenc-Gelas M, Lacut K, et al. Differential effects of oral and Transdermal estrogen/progesterone regimens on sensitivity to activated protein C among postmenopausal women: a randomized trial. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23(9):1671-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.0000087141.05044.1F. PMid:12869355.

96 Canonico M, Alhenc-Gelas M, Plu-Bureau G, Olie V, Scarabin PY. Activated protein C resistance among postmenopausal women using transdermal estrogens: importance of progestogen. Menopause. 2010;17(6):1122-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e3181e102eb. PMid:20613675.

97 Marjoribanks J, Farquhar C, Roberts H, Lethaby A. Long term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(7):CD004143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004143.pub4. PMid:22786488.

98 Olié V, Plu-Bureau G, Conard J, Horellou MH, Canonico M, Scarabin PY. Hormone therapy and recurrence of venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2011;18(5):488-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e3181f9f7c3. PMid:21178641.

99 North American Menopause Society. The 2012 hormone therapy position statement of: The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2012;19(3):257-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e31824b970a. PMid:22367731.

100 Tremollieres F, Brincat M, Erel CT, et al. EMAS position statement: managing menopausal women with a personal or family history of VTE. Maturitas. 2011;69(2):195-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.03.011. PMid:21489728.
 


Submitted date:
11/27/2019

Accepted date:
04/29/2020

Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular (SBACV)"> Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular (SBACV)">
5eff28190e88253215f8e225 jvb Articles

J Vasc Bras

Share this page
Page Sections