Guidelines on vascular access for hemodialysis from the Brazilian Society of Angiology and Vascular Surgery
Diretrizes sobre acesso vascular para hemodiálise da Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e de Cirurgia Vascular
Leonardo de Oliveira Harduin; Thiago Almeida Barroso; Julia Bandeira Guerra; Marcio Gomes Filippo; Leonardo Cortizo de Almeida; Guilherme de Castro-Santos; Fabio Augusto Cypreste Oliveira; Douglas Eduardo Tavares Cavalcanti; Ricardo Jayme Procopio; Eduardo Cavalcanti Lima; Matheus Eduardo Soares Pinhati; Jose Maciel Caldas dos Reis; Barbara D’Agnoluzzo Moreira; Adriano Martins Galhardo; Edwaldo Edner Joviliano; Walter Junior Boim de Araujo; Julio Cesar Peclat de Oliveira
Abstract
Keywords
Resumo
A doença renal crônica é um problema de saúde pública global e em seu estágio terminal está associada à necessidade de terapia dialítica. A grande maioria dos pacientes que necessitam realizar a terapia renal substitutiva, a fazem através da hemodiálise. Portanto, o acesso vascular é de extrema importância para a população dialítica, implicando diretamente na qualidade de vida e na morbimortalidade deste grupo de pacientes. Sendo a confecção, gerenciamento e resgate dos acessos vasculares uma das áreas de atuação do cirurgião vascular, é de grande importância a elaboração de uma diretriz que oriente o especialista no manejo mais adequado do acesso vascular para hemodiálise. Assim, o objetivo desta diretriz é apresentar um conjunto de recomendações para guiar as decisões na referenciação, avaliação, escolha, vigilância e gestão das complicações do acesso vascular para hemodiálise.
Palavras-chave
References
1 Schmidli J, Widmer MK, Basile C, et al. Vascular Access: 2018 Clinical Practice Guidelines of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2018;55(6):757-818.
2 Neves PDMM, Sesso RCC, Thomé FS, Lugon JR, Nasicmento MM. Brazilian Dialysis Census: analysis of data from the 2009-2018 decade. J Bras Nefrol. 2020;42(2):191-200.
3 Dhingra RK, Young EW, Hulbert-Shearon TE, Leavey SF, Port FK. Type of vascular access and mortality in U.S. hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2001;60(4):1443-51.
4 Murphy GJ, White SA, Nicholson ML. Vascular access for haemodialysis. Br J Surg. 2000;87(10):1300-15.
5 Ascher E, Gade P, Hingorani A, et al. Changes in the practice of angioaccess surgery: impact of dialysis outcome and quality initiative recommendations. J Vasc Surg. 2000;31(1 Pt 1):84-92.
6 Kherlakian GM, Roedershelmer LR, Arbaugh JJ, Newmark KJ, King LR. Comparison of autogenous fistula versus expanded polytetrafluoroethylene graft fistula for angioaccess in hemodialysis. Am J Surg. 1986;152(2):238-43.
7 KDOQI, National Kidney Foundation. KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines and Clinical Practice Recommendations for Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;47(5, Suppl 3):S11-145. PMid:16678659.
8 Alonso-Coello P, Oxman AD, Moberg J, et al. GRADE Evidence to Decision (EtD) frameworks: a systematic and transparent approach to making well informed healthcare choices. 2: Clinical practice guidelines. BMJ. 2016;353:i2089.
9 Viswanathan M, Ansari MT, Berkman ND, et al. AHRQ methods for effective health care assessing the risk of bias of individual studies in systematic reviews of health care interventions. In: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, editor. Methods guide for effectiveness and comparative effectiveness reviews [Internet]. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2008 [cited 2023 Feb 21]. www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov
10 Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Akl EA, et al. GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction-GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(4):383-94.
11 Murad MH, Elamin MB, Sidawy AN, et al. Autogenous versus prosthetic vascular access for hemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Vasc Surg. 2008;48(5, Suppl):34-47.
12 Tordoir J, Canaud B, Haage P, et al. EBPG on Vascular Access. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22(Suppl 2):ii88-117.
13 Oliveira Harduin L, Guerra JB, Virgini-Magalhães CE, et al. Oversized balloon angioplasty for endovascular maturation of arteriovenous fistulae to accelerate cannulation and to decrease the duration of catheter use. J Vasc Access. 2023;24(2):238-45.
14 Malovrh M. The role of sonography in the planning of arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis. Semin Dial. 2003;16(4):299-303.
15 Ferring M, Claridge M, Smith SA, Wilmink T. Routine preoperative vascular ultrasound improves patency and use of arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis: a randomized trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5(12):2236-44.
16 Mihmanli I, Besirli K, Kurugoglu S, et al. Cephalic vein and hemodialysis fistula: surgeon’s observation versus color Doppler ultrasonographic findings. J Ultrasound Med. 2001;20(3):217-22.
17 Georgiadis GS, Charalampidis DG, Argyriou C, Georgakarakos EI, Lazarides MK. The necessity for routine pre-operative ultrasound mapping before arteriovenous fistula creation: a meta-analysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2015;49(5):600-5.
18 Kosa SD, Al-Jaishi AA, Moist L, Lok CE. Preoperative vascular access evaluation for haemodialysis patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(9):CD007013.
19 Lok CE, Huber TS, Lee T, et al. KDOQI clinical practice guideline for vascular access: 2019 update. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020;75(4, suppl 2):S1-164.
20 de Graaf R, van Laanen J, Peppelenbosch N, van Loon M, Tordoir J. The value of intravascular ultrasound in the treatment of central venous obstructions in hemodialysis patients. J Vasc Access. 2016;17(Suppl 1):S12-5.
21 Funaki B. Central venous access: a primer for the diagnostic radiologist. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002;179(2):309-18.
22 Yevzlin AS. Hemodialysis catheter-associated central venous stenosis. Semin Dial. 2008;21(6):522-7.
23 Yevzlin AS, Chan MR, Wolff MR. Percutaneous, non-surgical placement of tunneled, cuffed, external jugular hemodialysis catheters: a case report. J Vasc Access. 2007;8(2):126-8.
24 Agarwal AK, Patel BM, Haddad NJ. Central vein stenosis: a nephrologist’s perspective. Semin Dial. 2007;20(1):53-62.
25 Punzi M, Ferro F, Petrosino F, et al. Use of an intra-aortic Tesio catheter as vascular access for haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003;18(4):830-2.
26 Engstrom BI, Horvath JJ, Stewart JK, et al. Tunneled internal jugular hemodialysis catheters: impact of laterality and tip position on catheter dysfunction and infection rates. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2013;24(9):1295-302.
27 Wilmink T, Hollingworth L, Powers S, Allen C, Dasgupta I. Natural history of common autologous arteriovenous fistulae: consequences for planning of dialysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2016;51(1):134-40.
28 Ravani P, Brunori G, Mandolfo S, et al. Cardiovascular comorbidity and late referral impact arteriovenous fistula survival: a prospective multicenter study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15(1):204-9.
29 Shingarev R, Barker-Finkel J, Allon M. Association of hemodialysis central venous catheter use with ipsilateral arteriovenous vascular access survival. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;60(6):983-9.
30 Schwab SJ, Beathard G. The hemodialysis catheter conundrum: hate living with them, but can’t live without them. Kidney Int. 1999;56(1):1-17.
31 Schillinger F, Schillinger D, Montagnac R, Milcent T. Post catheterisation vein stenosis in haemodialysis: comparative angiographic study of 50 subclavian and 50 internal jugular accesses. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1991;6(10):722-4.
32 Ge X, Cavallazzi R, Li C, Pan SM, Wang YW, Wang FL. Central venous access sites for the prevention of venous thrombosis, stenosis and infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;2012(3):CD004084.
33 Richard HM 3rd, Hastings GS, Boyd-Kranis RL, et al. A randomized, prospective evaluation of the Tesio, Ash split, and Opti-flow hemodialysis catheters. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2001;12(4):431-5.
34 Maya ID, Allon M. Outcomes of tunneled femoral hemodialysis catheters: comparison with internal jugular vein catheters. Kidney Int. 2005;68(6):2886-9.
35 Dariushnia SR, Wallace MJ, Siddiqi NH, et al. Quality improvement guidelines for central venous access. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2010;21(7):976-81.
36 Falk A. Use of the femoral vein as insertion site for tunneled hemodialysis catheters. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2007;18(2):217-25.
37 Marik PE, Flemmer M, Harrison W. The risk of catheter-related bloodstream infection with femoral venous catheters as compared to subclavian and internal jugular venous catheters: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2012;40(8):2479-85.
38 Okada S, Shenoy S. Arteriovenous access for hemodialysis: preoperative assessment and planning. J Vasc Access. 2014;15(Suppl 7):S1-5.
39 Ibeas J, Roca-Tey R, Vallespín J, et al. Grupo Español Multidisciplinar del Acceso Vascular (GEMAV). Spanish Clinical Guidelines on Vascular Access for Haemodialysis. Nefrologia. 2019;39:1-2.
40 Sohail MA, Vachharajani TJ, Anvari E. Central venous catheters for hemodialysis-the myth and the evidence. Kidney Int Rep. 2021;6(12):2958-68.
41 Geddes CC, Walbaum D, Fox JG, Mactier RA. Insertion of internal jugular temporary hemodialysis cannulae by direct ultrasound guidance--a prospective comparison of experienced and inexperienced operators. Clin Nephrol. 1998;50(5):320-5. PMid:9840321.
42 Rabindranath KS, Kumar E, Shail R, Vaux EC. Ultrasound use for the placement of haemodialysis catheters. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(11):CD005279.
43 Clark E, Kappel J, MacRae J, et al. Practical aspects of nontunneled and tunneled hemodialysis catheters. Can J Kidney Health Dis. 2016;3:2054358116669128.
44 Vats HS. Complications of catheters: tunneled and nontunneled. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2012;19(3):188-94.
45 Funaki B. Tunneled central venous catheter insertion. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2008;25(4):432-6.
46 Bishop L, Dougherty L, Bodenham A, et al. Guidelines on the insertion and management of central venous access devices in adults. Int J Lab Hematol. 2007;29(4):261-78.
47 Bander SJ, Schwab SJ, Woo K. Overview of central catheters for acute and chronic hemodialysis access. In: Collins KA, editor. UpToDate. 2014 [cited 2016 Aug 27].
48 McGee DC, Gould MK. Preventing complications of central venous catheterization. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(12):1123-33.
49 Ortega R, Song M, Hansen CJ, Barash P. Videos in clinical medicine. Ultrasound-guided internal jugular vein cannulation. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(16):e57.
50 Chalkiadis GA, Goucke CR. Depth of central venous catheter insertion in adults: an audit and assessment of a technique to improve tip position. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1998;26(1):61-6.
51 Sidawy AP, Perler BA. Rutherford’s vascular surgery and endovascular therapy. Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences:2022.
52 Abood GJ, Davis KA, Esposito TJ, Luchette FA, Gamelli RL. Comparison of routine chest radiograph versus clinician judgment to determine adequate central line placement in critically ill patients. J Trauma. 2007;63(1):50-6.
53 BCPRA Hemodialysis Committee. Insertion and removal of tunneled hemodialysis catheters. 2017 [cited 2023 Feb 21].
54 Yevzlin AS, Song GU, Sanchez RJ, Becker YT. Fluoroscopically guided vs modified traditional placement of tunneled hemodialysis catheters: clinical outcomes and cost analysis. J Vasc Access. 2007;8(4):245-51.
55 Weber E, Liberek T, Wołyniec W, Rutkowski B. Catheter tip malposition after percutaneous placement of tunneled hemodialysis catheters. Hemodial Int. 2015;19(4):509-13.
56 Agarwal AK, Haddad N, Boubes K. Avoiding problems in tunneled dialysis catheter placement. Semin Dial. 2019;32(6):535-40.
57 Brescia MJ, Cimino JE, Appel K, Hurwich BJ. Chronic hemodialysis using venipuncture and a surgically created arteriovenous fistula. N Engl J Med. 1966;275(20):1089-92.
58 Bhuiyan I, Misskey JD, Hsiang YN. The arteriovenous fistula and the history of a forgotten pioneer. J Vasc Surg Cases Innov Tech. 2022;8(4):688-92.
59 Baker LD Jr, Johnson JM, Goldfarb D. Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) subcutaneous arteriovenous conduit: an improved vascular access for chronic hemodialysis. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs. 1976;22:382-7. PMid:951854.
60 Allon M. Dialysis catheter-related bacteremia: treatment and prophylaxis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;44(5):779-91.
61 Schwab SJ, Buller GL, McCann RL, Bollinqer RR, Stickel DL. Prospective evaluation of a Dacron cuffed hemodialysis catheter for prolonged use. Am J Kidney Dis. 1988;11(2):166-9.
62 Beathard GA. Management of bacteremia associated with tunneled-cuffed hemodialysis catheters. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999;10(5):1045-9.
63 Krishnasami Z, Carlton D, Bimbo L, et al. Management of hemodialysis catheter-related bacteremia with an adjunctive antibiotic lock solution. Kidney Int. 2002;61(3):1136-42.
64 Marr KA, Sexton DJ, Conlon PJ, Corey GR, Schwab SJ, Kirkland KB. Catheter-related bacteremia and outcome of attempted catheter salvage in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Ann Intern Med. 1997;127(4):275-80.
65 Poole CV, Carlton D, Bimbo L, Allon M. Treatment of catheter-related bacteraemia with an antibiotic lock protocol: effect of bacterial pathogen. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19(5):1237-44.
66 Saad TF. Bacteremia associated with tunneled, cuffed hemodialysis catheters. Am J Kidney Dis. 1999;34(6):1114-24.
67 Schwab SJ, Weiss MA, Rushton F, et al. Multicenter clinical trial results with the LifeSite hemodialysis access system. Kidney Int. 2002;62(3):1026-33.
68 Shingarev R, Barker-Finkel J, Allon M. Natural history of tunneled dialysis catheters placed for hemodialysis initiation. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2013;24(9):1289-94.
69 Pastan S, Soucie JM, McClellan WM. Vascular access and increased risk of death among hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2002;62(2):620-6.
70 Xue JL, Dahl D, Ebben JP, Collins AJ. The association of initial hemodialysis access type with mortality outcomes in elderly Medicare ESRD patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;42(5):1013-9.
71 Polkinghorne KR, McDonald SP, Atkins RC, Kerr PG. Vascular access and all-cause mortality: a propensity score analysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15(2):477-86.
72 Allon M, Daugirdas J, Depner TA, Greene T, Ornt D, Schwab SJ. Effect of change in vascular access on patient mortality in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;47(3):469-77.
73 Metcalfe W, Khan IH, Prescott GJ, Simpson K, Macleod AM. Hospitalization in the first year of renal replacement therapy for end-stage renal disease. QJM. 2003;96(12):899-909.
74 Rayner HC, Pisoni RL, Bommer J, et al. Mortality and hospitalization in haemodialysis patients in five European countries: results from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19(1):108-20.
75 O’Connor AS, Wish JB, Sehgal AR. The morbidity and cost implications of hemodialysis clinical performance measures. Hemodial Int. 2005;9(4):349-61.
76 Nissenson AR, Dylan ML, Griffiths RI, et al. Clinical and economic outcomes of Staphylococcus aureus septicemia in ESRD patients receiving hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;46(2):301-8.
77 Manns B, Tonelli M, Yilmaz S, et al. Establishment and maintenance of vascular access in incident hemodialysis patients: a prospective cost analysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16(1):201-9.
78 Collins AJ, Foley RN, Herzog C, et al. Excerpts from the US Renal Data System 2009 Annual Data Report. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;55(Suppl 1):1-42.
79 Allon M. Current management of vascular access. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2(4):786-800.
80 Maya ID, Saddekni S, Allon M. Treatment of refractory central vein stenosis in hemodialysis patients with stents. Semin Dial. 2007;20(1):78-82.
81 Gold JA, Hoffman K. Fistula First: the National Vascular Access Improvement Initiative. WMJ. 2006;105(3):71-3. PMid:16749331.
82 Lok CE. Fistula first initiative: advantages and pitfalls. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2(5):1043-53.
83 Feldman HI, Kobrin S, Wasserstein A. Hemodialysis vascular access morbidity. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1996;7(4):523-35.
84 NKF-DOQI clinical practice guidelines for vascular access. National Kidney Foundation-Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative. Am J Kidney Dis. 1997;30(4, Suppl 3):S150-91. PMid:9339150.
85 Pisoni RL, Greenwood RN. Selected lessons learned from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Contrib Nephrol. 2005;149:58-68.
86 Ethier J, Mendelssohn DC, Elder SJ, et al. Vascular access use and outcomes: an international perspective from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23(10):3219-26.
87 Pisoni RL, Young EW, Dykstra DM, et al. Vascular access use in Europe and the United States: results from the DOPPS. Kidney Int. 2002;61(1):305-16.
88 Combe C, Pisoni RL, Port FK, et al. Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study: données sur l’utilisation des cathéters veineux centraux en hémodialyse chronique. Nephrologie. 2001;22(8):379-84. PMid:11810992.
89 Young EW, Dykstra DM, Goodkin DA, Mapes DL, Wolfe RA, Held PJ. Hemodialysis vascular access preferences and outcomes in the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Kidney Int. 2002;61(6):2266-71.
90 Rayner HC, Pisoni RL, Gillespie BW, et al. Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study. Creation, cannulation and survival of arteriovenous fistulae: data from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study. Kidney Int. 2003;63(1):323-30.
91 Saran R, Dykstra DM, Pisoni RL, et al. Timing of first cannulation and vascular access failure in haemodialysis: an analysis of practice patterns at dialysis facilities in the DOPPS. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19(9):2334-40.
92 Saran R, Dykstra DM, Wolfe RA, Gillespie B, Held PJ, Young EW. Dialysis outcomes and practice patterns study. association between vascular access failure and the use of specific drugs: the dialysis outcomes and practice patterns study (DOPPS). Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;40(6):1255-63.
93 Saran R, Elder SJ, Asano Y, et al. Training, experience, and attitudes of vascular access (VA) surgeons predict VA type: the DOPPS. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15:153A.
94 Dixon BS, Novak L, Fangman J. Hemodialysis vascular access survival: upper-arm native arteriovenous fistula. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;39(1):92-101.
95 Dember LM, Beck GJ, Allon M, et al. Effect of clopidogrel on early failure of arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;299(18):2164-71.
96 Wasse H, Speckman RA, Frankenfield DL, Rocco MV, McClellan WM. Predictors of delayed transition from central venous catheter use to permanent vascular access among ESRD patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;49(2):276-83.
97 Lok CE, Sontrop JM, Tomlinson G, et al. Cumulative patency of contemporary fistulas versus grafts (2000-2010). Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8(5):810-8.
98 Ladak F, Ravani P, Oliver MJ, et al. The influence of age on the likelihood of catheter-free fistula use in hemodialysis patients. Can J Kidney Health Dis. 2019;6:2054358119861943.
99 Oliver MJ, McCann RL, Indridason OS, Butterly DW, Schwab SJ. Comparison of transposed brachiobasilic fistulas to upper arm grafts and brachiocephalic fistulas. Kidney Int. 2001;60(4):1532-9.
100 Allon M, Greene T, Dember LM, et al. Association between Preoperative Vascular Function and Postoperative Arteriovenous Fistula Development. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;27(12):3788-95.
101 Rothuizen TC, Wong C, Quax PH, van Zonneveld AJ, Rabelink TJ, Rotmans JI. Arteriovenous access failure: more than just intimal hyperplasia? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013;28(5):1085-92.
102 Bylsma LC, Gage SM, Reichert H, Dahl SLM, Lawson JH. Arteriovenous fistulae for haemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and safety outcomes. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2017;54(4):513-22.
103 Pisoni RL, Zepel L, Zhao J, et al. International Comparisons of Native Arteriovenous Fistula Patency and Time to Becoming Catheter-Free: Findings From the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Am J Kidney Dis. 2021;77(2):245-54.
104 Wish JB. Catheter last, fistula not-so-first. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;26(1):5-7.
105 Shingarev R, Maya ID, Barker-Finkel J, Allon M. Arteriovenous graft placement in predialysis patients: a potential catheter-sparing strategy. Am J Kidney Dis. 2011;58(2):243-7.
106 Maya ID, O’Neal JC, Young CJ, Barker-Finkel J, Allon M. Outcomes of brachiocephalic fistulas, transposed brachiobasilic fistulas, and upper arm grafts. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4(1):86-92.
107 Allemang MT, Schmotzer B, Wong VL, et al. Arteriovenous grafts have higher secondary patency in the short term compared with autologous fistulae. Am J Surg. 2014;208(5):800-5.
108 Schild AF, Perez E, Gillaspie E, Seaver C, Livingstone J, Thibonnier A. Arteriovenous fistulae vs. arteriovenous grafts: a retrospective review of 1,700 consecutive vascular access cases. J Vasc Access. 2008;9(4):231-5.
109 Allon M, Lok CE. Dialysis fistula or graft: the role for randomized clinical trials. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5(12):2348-54.
110 Allon M. Arteriovenous grafts: much maligned but in need of reconsideration? Semin Dial. 2017;30(2):125-33.
111 De Clerck D, Bonkain F, Cools W, Van der Niepen P. Vascular access type and mortality in haemodialysis: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Nephrol. 2020;21(1):231.
112 Ravani P, Quinn R, Oliver M, et al. Examining the association between hemodialysis access type and mortality: the role of access complications. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12(6):955-64.
113 Ko GJ, Rhee CM, Obi Y, et al. Vascular access placement and mortality in elderly incident hemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2020;35(3):503-11.
114 Kasza J, Wolfe R, McDonald SP, Marshall MR, Polkinghorne KR. Dialysis modality, vascular access and mortality in end-stage kidney disease: a bi-national registry-based cohort study. Nephrology (Carlton). 2016;21(10):878-86.
115 Brown RS, Patibandla BK, Goldfarb-Rumyantzev AS. The survival benefit of “fistula first, catheter last” in hemodialysis is primarily due to patient factors. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;28(2):645-52.
116 Trerotola SO, Johnson MS, Harris VJ, et al. Outcome of tunneled hemodialysis catheters placed via the right internal jugular vein by interventional radiologists. Radiology. 1997;203(2):489-95.
117 Besarab A, Pandey R. Catheter management in hemodialysis patients: delivering adequate flow. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6(1):227-34.
118 Gunawansa N, Sudusinghe DH, Wijayaratne DR. Hemodialysis catheter-related central venous thrombosis: clinical approach to evaluation and management. Ann Vasc Surg. 2018;51:298-305.
119 Thapa S, Terry PB, Kamdar BB. Hemodialysis catheter-associated superior vena cava syndrome and pulmonary embolism: a case report and review of the literature. BMC Res Notes. 2016;9(1):233.
120 Siegel Y, Kuker R. Superior vena cava obstruction in hemodialysis patients: symptoms, clinical presentation and outcomes compared to other etiologies. Ther Apher Dial. 2016;20(4):390-3.
121 Mir T, Uddin M, Shafi O, et al. Thrombotic superior vena cava syndrome: a national emergency department database study. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2022;53(2):372-9.
122 Hemmelgarn BR, Manns BJ, Soroka SD, et al. Effectiveness and cost of weekly recombinant tissue plasminogen activator hemodialysis catheter locking solution. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018;13(3):429-35.
123 Chapla K, Oza-Gajera BP, Yevzlin AS, Shin JI, Astor BC, Chan MR. Hemodialysis catheter locking solutions and the prevention of catheter dysfunction: a meta-analysis. J Vasc Access. 2015;16(2):107-12.
124 Little MA, O’Riordan A, Lucey B, et al. A prospective study of complications associated with cuffed, tunnelled haemodialysis catheters. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16(11):2194-200.
125 Taylor G, Gravel D, Johnston L, Embil J, Holton D, Paton S. Incidence of bloodstream infection in multicenter inception cohorts of hemodialysis patients. Am J Infect Control. 2004;32(3):155-60.
126 Klevens RM, Edwards JR, Andrus ML, Peterson KD, Dudeck MA, Horan TC. Dialysis Surveillance Report: National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN)-data summary for 2006. Semin Dial. 2008;21(1):24-8.
127 Patel PR, Kallen AJ, Arduino MJ. Epidemiology, surveillance, and prevention of bloodstream infections in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;56(3):566-77.
128 Miller LM, Clark E, Dipchand C, et al. Hemodialysis Tunneled Catheter-Related Infections. Can J Kidney Health Dis. 2016;3:2054358116669129. PMid:28270921.
129 Poole K. Efflux-mediated multiresistance in Gram-negative bacteria. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2004;10:12-26. PMid:14706082.
130 Ramírez-Huaranga MA, Sánchez de la Nieta-García MD, Anaya-Fernández S, et al. Espondilodiscitis, experiencia en nefrología. Nefrologia. 2013;33:250-5. PMid:23511762.
131 Bray BD, Boyd J, Daly C, et al. Vascular access type and risk of mortality in a national prospective cohort of haemodialysis patients. QJM. 2012;105(11):1097-103.
132 Maya ID, Carlton D, Estrada E, Allon M. Treatment of dialysis catheter-related Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia with an antibiotic lock: a quality improvement report. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;50(2):289-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.04.014. PMid:17660030.
133 O’Grady NP, Alexander M, Burns LA, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(9):e162-93.
134 Mermel LA, Allon M, Bouza E, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(1):1-45.
135 Vardhan A, Davies J, Daryanani I, Crowe A, McClelland P. Treatment of haemodialysis catheter-related infections. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17(6):1149-50.
136 Sychev D, Maya ID, Allon M. Clinical management of dialysis catheter-related bacteremia with concurrent exit site infection. Semin Dial. 2011;24(2):239-41.
137 Moyer MA, Edwards LD, Farley L. Comparative culture methods on 101 intravenous catheters. Routine, semiquantitative and blood cultures. Arch Intern Med. 1983;143(1):66-9.
138 Raad II, Sabbagh MF, Rand KH, Sherertz RJ. Quantitative tip culture methods and the diagnosis of central venous catheter-related infections. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1992;15(1):13-20.
139 Maki DG, Weise CE, Sarafin HW. A semiquantitative culture method for identifying intravenous catheter-related infec-tion. N Engl J Med. 1977;296(23):1305-9.
140 Cleri DJ, Corrado ML, Seligman SJ. Quantitative culture of intravenous catheters and others intravascular inserts. J Infect Dis. 1980;141(6):781-6.
141 Brun-Buisson C, Abrouk F, Legran P, Huet Y, Larabi S, Rapin M. Diagnosis central venous catheter-related sepsis. Critical level of quantitative tip cultures. Arch Intern Med. 1987;147(5):873-7.
142 Rello J, Gatell JM, Almirall J, Campistol JM, Gonzalez J, Puig de la Bellacasa J. Evaluation of culture techniques for identification of catheter-related infection in hemodialysis patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1989;8(7):620-2.
143 Capdevila JA, Segarra A, Planes AM, et al. Successful treatment of haemodialysis catheter-related sepsis without catheter removal. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1993;8(3):231-4. PMid:8385290.
144 Messing B, Peitra-Cohen S, Debure A, Beliah M, Bernier J. Antibiotic-lock technique: a new approach to optimal therapy for catheter-related sepsis in home-parenteral nutrition patients. J Parenter Nutr. 1988;12(2):185-9.
145 Boorgu R, Dubrow AJ, Levin NW, et al. Adjunctive antibiotic/anticoagulant lock therapy in the treatment of bacteremia associated with the use of a subcutaneously implanted hemodialysis access device. ASAIO J. 2000;46(6):767-70.
146 Capdevila JA, Planes AM, Palomar M, et al. Value of differential quantitative blood cultures in the diagnosis of catheter-related sepsis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1992;11(5):403-7.
147 Wing EJ, Norden CW, Shadduck RK, Winkelstein A. Use of quantitative bacteriologic techniques to diagnosis catheter-related sepsis. Arch Intern Med. 1979;139(4):482-3.
148 Flynn PM, Shenep JL, Stokes DC, Barrett FF. In situ management of confirmed central venous catheter-related bactere-mia. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1987;6(8):729-34.
149 Tafuro P, Colbourn D, Gurevich I, et al. Comparison of blood cultures obtained simultaneously by venopuncture and from vascular lines. J Hosp Infect. 1986;7(3):283-8.
150 Douard MC, Arlet G, Longuet P, et al. Diagnosis of venous access port-related infections. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29(5):1197-202.
151 Blot F, Schmidt E, Nitenberg G, et al. Earlier positivity of central-venous versus peripheral-blood is highly predictive of catheter-related sep-sis. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36(1):105-9.
152 Blot F, Nitemberg G, Chachaty E, et al. Diagnosis of catheter-related bacteraemia: a prospective comparison of the time to positivity of hub-blood versus peripheral-blood cultures. Lancet. 1999;354(9184):1071-7.
153 Safdar N, Fine JP, Maki DG. Meta-analysis: methods for diagnosing intravascular device-related bloodstream infection. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142(6):451-66.
154 Sherertz RJ, Raad II, Belani A, et al. Three year experience with sonicated vascular catheter cultures in a clinical microbiology laboratory. J Clin Microbiol. 1990;28(1):76-82.
155 Almirall J, Gonzalez J, Rello J, et al. Infection of hemodialysis catheters: incidence and mechanisms. Am J Nephrol. 1989;9(6):454-9.
156 Danese MD, Griffiths RI, Dylan M, Yu HT, Dubois R, Nissenson AR. Mortality differences among organisms causing septicemia in hemodialysis patients. Hemodial Int. 2006;10(1):56-62.
157 Nissenson AR, Dylan M, Griffiths RI, et al. Clinical and economic outcomes of Staphylococcus aureus septicemia in ESRD patients receiving hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;46(2):301-8.
158 Inrig JK, Reed SD, Szczech LA, et al. Relationship between clinical outcomes and vascular access type among hemodialysis patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1(3):518-24.
159 Mokrzycki MH, Zhang M, Cohen H, Golestaneh L, Laut JM, Rosenberg SO. Tunnelled haemodialysis catheter bacterae-mia: risk factors for bacteraemia recurrence, infectious complications and mortality. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21(4):1024-31.
160 Hanna H, Afif C, Alakech B, et al. Central venous catheter-related bacteremia due to gram-negative bacilli: significance of catheter removal in preventing relapse. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2004;25(8):646-9.
161 Raad I, Kassar R, Ghannam D, Chaftari AM, Hachem R, Jiang Y. Management of the catheter in documented catheter-rela-ted coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia: remove or retain? Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(8):1187-94.
162 Raad I, Costerton W, Sabharwal U, Sadlowski M, Anaissie E, Bodey GP. Ultrastructural analysis of indwelling vascular catheters: a quantitative relationship between luminal colonization and duration of placement. J Infect Dis. 1993;168(2):400-7.
163 Aslam S, Vaida F, Ritter M, Mehta R. Systematic review and meta-analysis on management of hemodialysis catheter-related bacteremia. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;25(12):2927-41.
164 Ashby DR, Power A, Singh S, et al. Bacteremia associated with tunneled hemodialysis catheters: outcome after attempted salvage. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4(10):1601-5.
165 Tanriover B, Carlton D, Saddekni S, et al. Bacteremia associated with tunneled dialysis catheters: comparison of two treatment strategies. Kidney Int. 2000;57(5):2151-5.
166 Shaffer D. Catheter-related sepsis complicating long-term, tunneled central venous dialysis catheters: management by guidewire exchange. Am J Kidney Dis. 1995;25(4):593-6.
167 Silva MB Jr, Hobson RW 2nd, Pappas PJ, et al. A strategy for increasing use of autogenous hemodialysis access procedures: impact of preoperative noninvasive evaluation. J Vasc Surg. 1998;27(2):302-7, discussion 307-8.
168 Lew SQ, Nguyen BN, Ing TS. Hemodialysis vascular access construction in the upper extremity: a review. J Vasc Access. 2015;16(2):87-92.
169 Robbin ML, Chamberlain NE, Lockhart ME, et al. Hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula maturity: US evaluation. Radiology. 2002;225(1):59-64.
170 Allon M, Lockhart ME, Lilly RZ, et al. Effect of preoperative sonographic mapping on vascular access outcomes in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2001;60(5):2013-20.
171 Parmar J, Aslam M, Standfield N. Pre-operative radial arterial diameter predicts early failure of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) for haemodialysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2007;33(1):113-5.
172 Nica A, Lok CE, Harris J, et al. Understanding surgical preference and practice in hemodialysis vascular access creation. Semin Dial. 2013;26(4):520-6.
173 Dageforde LA, Harms KA, Feurer ID, Shaffer D. Increased minimum vein diameter on preoperative mapping with duplex ultrasound is associated with arteriovenous fistula maturation and secondary patency. J Vasc Surg. 2015;61(1):170-6.
174 Lockhart ME, Robbin ML, Fineberg NS, Wells CG, Allon M. Cephalic vein measurement before forearm fistula creation: does use of a tourniquet to meet the venous diameter threshold increase the number of usable fistulas? J Ultrasound Med. 2006;25(12):1541-5.
175 Shenoy S, Middleton WD, Windus D, et al. Brachial artery flow measurement as an indicator of forearm native fistula maturation. In: Henry ML, Ferguson RM, editors. Vascular access for hemodialysis. Chicago: WL Gore and Associates, Precept Press; 2001. p. 223-239.
176 Won T, Jang JW, Lee S, Han JJ, Park YS, Ahn JH. Effects of intraoperative blood flow on the early patency of radiocephalic fistulas. Ann Vasc Surg. 2000;14(5):468-72.
177 Abreu R. New hemodynamic variables as predictors of arteriovenous fistula maturation. Semin Dial. 2022;35(4):358-62.
178 Bashar K, Conlon PJ, Kheirelseid EA, Aherne T, Walsh SR, Leahy A. Arteriovenous fistula in dialysis patients: Factors implicated in early and late AVF maturation failure. Surgeon. 2016;14(5):294-300.
179 Hentschel DM. Determinants of arteriovenous fistula maturation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018;13(9):1307-8.
180 Schwab SJ, Harrington JT, Singh A, et al. Vascular access for hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 1999;55(5):2078-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00409.x. PMid:10231476.
181 Dunn J, Herscu G, Woo K. Factors influencing maturation time of native arteriovenous fistulas. Ann Vasc Surg. 2015;29(4):704-7.
182 Dixon BS. Why don’t fistulas mature? Kidney Int. 2006;70(8):1413-22.
183 Huber TS, Berceli SA, Scali ST, et al. Arteriovenous Fistula Maturation, Functional Patency, and Intervention Rates. JAMA Surg. 2021;156(12):1111-8.
184 Falk A. Optimizing hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula maturation. J Vasc Access. 2011;12(1):1-3.
185 Caputo BC, Leong B, Sibona A, et al. Arteriovenous fistula maturation: Physical exam versus flow study. Ann Vasc Surg. 2021;77:16-24.
186 Al Shakarchi J, McGrogan D, Van der Veer S, Sperrin M, Inston N. Predictive models for arteriovenous fistula maturation. J Vasc Access. 2016;17(3):229-32.
187 Afsar B, Elsurer R. The primary arteriouvenous fistula failure-a comparison between diabetic and non-diabetic patients: glycemic control matters. Int Urol Nephrol. 2012;44(2):575-81.
188 Farber A, Imrey PB, Huber TS, et al. Multiple preoperative and intraoperative factors predict early fistula thrombosis in the Hemodialysis Fistula Maturation Study. J Vasc Surg. 2016;63(1):163-70.
189 Chan C, Ochoa CJ, Katz SG. Prognostic factors os arteriovenous fistula maturation. Ann Vasc Surg. 2018;49:273-6.
190 Almasri J, Alsawas M, Mainou M, et al. Outcomes of vascular access for hemodialysis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Vasc Surg. 2016;64(1):236-43.
191 Nantakool S, Reanpang T, Prasannarong M, Pongtam S, Rerkasem K. Upper limb exercise for arteriovenous fistula maturation in people requiring permanent haemodialysis access. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022;10(10):CD013327. PMid:36184076.
192 Lewis SR, Pritchard MW, Schofield-Robinson OJ, Alderson P, Smith AF. Continuation versus discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy for bleeding and ischaemic events in adults undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;7(7):CD012584.
193 Fluck R, Kumwenda M. Renal Association Clinical Practice Guideline on vascular access for haemodialysis. Nephron Clin Pract. 2011;118(Suppl 1):c225-40.
194 Polkinghorne KR, Atkins RC, Kerr PG. Native arteriovenous fistula blood flow and resistance during hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41(1):132-9.
195 Tessitore N, Bedogna V, Melilli E, et al. In search of an optimal bedside screening program for arteriovenous fistula stenosis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6(4):819-26.
196 Allon M, Robbin ML. Hemodialysis vascular access moni- toring: current concepts. Hemodial Int. 2009;13(2):153-62.
197 Asif A, Leon C, Orozco-Vargas LC, et al. Accuracy of physical examination in the detection of arteriovenous fistula stenosis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2(6):1191-4.
198 Coentrão L, Faria B, Pestana M. Physical examination of dysfunctional arteriovenous fistulae by non-interventionalists: a skill worth teaching. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(5):1993-6.
199 Leon C, Orozco-Vargas LC, Krishnamurthy G, et al. Accuracy of physical examination in the detection of arteriovenous graft stenosis. Semin Dial. 2008;21(1):85-8.
200 Campos RP, Chula DC, Perreto S, Riella MC, Do Nascimento MM. Accuracy of physical examination and intra-access pressure in the detection of stenosis in hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula. Semin Dial. 2008;21(3):269-73.
201 Polkinghorne KR, Lau KK, Saunder A, Atkins RC, Kerr PG. Does monthly native arteriovenous fistula blood-flow surveillance detect significant stenosis-a randomized controlled trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21(9):2498-506.
202 Robbin ML, Oser RF, Lee JY, Heudebert GR, Mennemeyer ST, Allon M. Randomized comparison of ultrasound surveillance and clinical monitoring on arteriovenous graft outcomes. Kidney Int. 2006;69(4):730-5.
203 Bacchini G, Cappello A, La Milia V, Andrulli S, Locatelli F. Color doppler ultrasonography imaging to guide transluminal angioplasty of venous stenosis. Kidney Int. 2000;58(4):1810-3.
204 Schuman E, Ronfeld A, Barclay C, Heinl P. Comparison of clinical assessment with ultrasound flow for hemodialysis access surveillance. Arch Surg. 2007;142(12):1129-33.
205 Moist LM, Churchill DN, House AA, et al. Regular monitoring of access flow compared with monitoring of venous pressure fails to improve graft survival. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14(10):2645-53.
206 Lumsden AB, MacDonald MJ, Kikeri D, Cotsonis GA, Harker LA, Martin LG. Prophylactic balloon angioplasty fails to prolong the patency of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene arteriovenous grafts: results of a prospective randomized study. J Vasc Surg. 1997;26(3):382-90, discussion 390-2.
207 Ram SJ, Work J, Caldito GC, Eason JM, Pervez A, Paulson WD. A randomized controlled trial of blood flow and stenosis surveillance of hemodialysis grafts. Kidney Int. 2003;64(1):272-80.
208 Malik J, Slavikova M, Svobodova J, Tuka V. Regular ultrasonographic screening significantly prolongs patency of PTFE grafts. Kidney Int. 2005;67(4):1554-8.
209 Casey ET, Murad MH, Rizvi AZ, et al. Surveillance of arteriovenous hemodialysis access: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Vasc Surg. 2008;48(5, Suppl):S48-54.
210 Tonelli M, James M, Wiebe N, Jindal K, Hemmelgarn B. Ultrasound monitoring to detect access stenosis in hemodialysis patients: a systematic review. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;51(4):630-40.
211 Miller GA, Goel N, Friedman A, et al. The MILLER banding procedure is an effective method for treating dialysis-associated steal syndrome. Kidney Int. 2010;77(4):359-66.
212 Mohamed AS, Peden EK. Dialysis-associated steal syndrome (DASS). J Vasc Access. 2017;18(Suppl. 1):68-73.
213 Wang S, Asif A, Jennings WC. Dilator-assisted banding and beyond: Proposing an algorithm for managing dialysis access-associated steal syndrome. J Vasc Access. 2016;17(4):299-306.
214 Reifsnyder T, Arnaoutakis GJ. Arterial Pressure Gradient of Upper Extremity Arteriovenous Access Steal Syndrome: Treatment Implications. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2010;44(8):650-3.
215 Kudlaty EA, Kendrick DE, Allemang MT, Kashyap VS, Wong VL. Upper Extremity Steal Syndrome Is Associated with Atherosclerotic Burden and Access Configuration. Ann Vasc Surg. 2016;35:82-7.
216 Kwun KB, Schanzer H, Finkler N, Haimov M, Burrows L. Hemodynamic Evaluation of Angioaccess Procedures for Hemodialysis. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 1979;13:170-7.
217 Schanzer H, Schwartz M, Harrington E, Haimov M, York N. Treatment of ischemia due to “steal” by arteriovenous fistula with distal artery ligation and revascularization. J Vasc Surg. 1988;7(6):770-3.
218 Leake AE, Winger DG, Leers SA, Gupta N, Dillavou ED. Management and outcomes of dialysis access-associated steal syndrome. J Vasc Surg. 2015;61(3):754-60.
219 Minion DJ, Moore E, Endean E. Revision using distal inflow: A novel approach to dialysis-associated steal syndrome. Ann Vasc Surg. 2005;19(5):625-8.
220 Zanow J, Kruger U, Scholz H. Proximalization of the arterial inflow: A new technique to treat access-related ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 2006;43(6):1216-21, discussion 1221.
221 Gupta N, Yuo TH, Konig IVG 4th, et al. Treatment strategies of arterial steal after arteriovenous access. J Vasc Surg. 2011;54(1):162-7.
222 Scali ST, Chang CK, Raghinaru D, et al. Prediction of graft patency and mortality after distal revascularization and interval ligation for hemodialysis access-related hand ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 2013;57(2):451-8.
223 Morsy AH, Kulbaski M, Chen C, Isiklar H, Lumsden AB. Incidence and characteristics of patients with hand ischemia after a hemodialysis access procedure. J Surg Res. 1998;74(1):8-10.
224 Chan KE, Pflederer TA, Steele DJ, et al. Access survival amongst hemodialysis patients referred for preventive angiography and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6(11):2669-80.
225 Dember LM, Holmberg EF, Kaufman JS. Randomized controlled trial of prophylactic repair of hemodialysis arteriovenous graft stenosis. Kidney Int. 2004;66(1):390-8.
226 Tessitore N, Lipari G, Poli A, et al. Can blood flow surveillance and pre-emptive repair of subclinical stenosis prolong the useful life of arteriovenous fistulae? A randomized controlled study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19(9):2325-33.
227 Ravani P, Quinn RR, Oliver MJ, et al. Pre-emptive correction for haemodialysis arteriovenous access stenosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;2016(1):CD010709.
228 Tessitore N, Mansueto G, Bedogna V, et al. A prospective controlled trial on effect of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty on functioning arteriovenous fistulae survival. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14(6):1623-7.
229 Tessitore N, Bedogna V, Poli A, et al. Should current criteria for detecting and repairing arteriovenous fistula stenosis be reconsidered? Interim analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014;29(1):179-87.
230 Verstandig AG, Bloom AI, Sasson T, Haviv YS, Rubinger D. Shortening and migration of Wallstents after stenting of central venous stenoses in hemodialysis patients. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2003;26(1):58-64.
231 Wada M, Yamamoto M, Shiba M, et al. Stent fracture in the left brachiocephalic vein. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 2007;8(2):103-6.
232 Bozof R, Kats M, Barker J, Allon M. Time to symptomatic vascular stenosis at different locations in patients with arteriovenous grafts. Semin Dial. 2008;21(3):285-8.
233 Criado E, Marston WA, Jaques PF, Mauro MA, Keagy BA. Proximal venous outflow obstruction in patients with upper extremity arteriovenous dialysis access. Ann Vasc Surg. 1994;8(6):530-5.
234 Jindal K, Chan CT, Deziel C, et al. Hemodialysis clinical practice guidelines for the Canadian Society of Nephrology. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17(3, Suppl 1):S1-27. PMid:16497879.
235 Agarwal AK. Central vein stenosis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2013;61(6):1001-15.
236 Levit RD, Cohen RM, Kwak A, et al. Asymptomatic central venous stenosis in hemodialysis patients. Radiology. 2006;238(3):1051-6.
237 Renaud CJ, Francois M, Nony A, Fodil-Cherif M, Turmel-Rodrigues L. Comparative outcomes of treated symptomatic versus non-treated asymptomatic high-grade central vein stenoses in the outflow of predominantly dialysis fistulas. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(4):1631-8.
238 Ehrie JM, Sammarco TE, Chittams JL, Trerotola SO. Unmasking of previously asymptomatic central venous stenosis following percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of hemodialysis access. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2017;28(10):1409-14.
239 Chang CJ, Ko PJ, Hsu LA, et al. Highly increased cell proliferation activity in the restenotic hemodialysis vascular access after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty: implication in prevention of restenosis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;43(1):74-84.
240 Lo Monte AI, Damiano G, Mularo A, et al. Comparison between local and regional anesthesia in arteriovenous fistula creation. J Vasc Access. 2011;12(4):331-5.
241 Meena S, Arya V, Sen I, Minz M, Prakash M. Ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus anaesthesia improves arteriovenous fistula flow characteristics in end-stage renal disease patients. S Afr J Anaesthesiol Analg. 2015;21:12-5.
242 Sahin L, Gul R, Mizrak A, et al. Ultrasound-guided infraclavicular brachial plexus block enhances postoperative blood flow in arteriovenous fistulas. J Vasc Surg. 2011;54(3):749-53.
243 Aitken E, Jackson A, Kearns R, et al. Effect of regional versus local anaesthesia on outcome after arteriovenous fistula creation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;388(10049):1067-74.
244 Cerneviciute R, Sahebally SM, Ahmed K, Murphy M, Mahmood W, Walsh SR. Regional versus local anaesthesia for haemodialysis arteriovenous fistula formation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2017;53(5):734-42.
245 Grieff AN, Lee K, Beckerman MA, et al. The role of physician-directed duplex after brachial plexus block in arteriovenous fistula creation. Ann Vasc Surg. 2023;89:135-41.
246 Laskowski IA, Muhs B, Rockman CR, et al. Regional nerve block allows for optimization of planning in the creation of arteriovenous access for hemodialysis by improving superficial venous dilatation. Ann Vasc Surg. 2007;21(6):730-3.
247 Hui SH, Folsom R, Killewich LA, Michalek JE, Davies MG, Pounds LL. A comparison of preoperative and intraoperative vein mapping sizes for arteriovenous fistula creation. J Vasc Surg. 2018;67(6):1813-20.
248 Li J, Karmakar MK, Li X, Kwok WH, Ngan Kee WD. Regional hemodynamic changes after an axillary brachial plexus block: a pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasound study. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2012;37(1):111-8.
249 Pirozzi N, Pettorini L, Scrivano J, et al. Assessment of long-term vasoplegia induced by brachial plexus block: a favorable effect for hemodialysis angioaccess surgery? J Vasc Access. 2012;13(3):296-8.
250 Reynolds TS, Kim KM, Dukkipati R, et al. Pre-operative regional block anesthesia enhances operative strategy for arteriovenous fistula creation. J Vasc Access. 2011;12(4):336-40.
251 Yildirim V, Doganci S, Yanarates O, et al. Does preemptive stellate ganglion blockage increase the patency of radiocephalic arteriovenous fistula? Scand Cardiovasc J. 2006;40(6):380-4.
252 Al-Jaishi AA, Liu AR, Lok CE, Zhang JC, Moist LM. Compli- cations of the arteriovenous fistula: a systematic review. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;28(6):1839-50.
253 Anderson JE, Chang AS, Anstadt MP. Polytetrauoroethylene hemoaccess site infections. ASAIO J. 2000;46(6):S18-21.
254 Bachleda P, Kalinova L, Utikal P, Kolar M, Hricova K, Stosova T. Infected prosthetic dialysis arteriovenous grafts: a single dialysis center study. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2012;13(6):366-70.
255 Nassar GM, Ayus JC. Infectious complications of the hemo- dialysis access. Kidney Int. 2001;60(1):1-13.
256 Ryan SV, Calligaro KD, Dougherty MJ. Management of hemodialysis access infections. Semin Vasc Surg. 2004;17(1):40-4.
257 Schild AF, Simon S, Prieto J, Raines J. Single-center review of infections associated with 1,574 consecutive vascular access procedures. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2003;37(1):27-31.
258 Chaudry MS, Carlson N, Gislason GH, et al. Risk of infective endocarditis in patients with end stage renal disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12(11):1814-22.
259 Zhang J, Burr RA, Sheth HS, Piraino B. Organism-speci!c bacteremia by hemodialysis access. Clin Nephrol. 2016;86(9):141-6.
260 Kingsmore DB, Stevenson KS, Jackson A, et al. Arteriovenous access graft infection: standards of reporting and implications for comparative data analysis. Ann Vasc Surg. 2020;63:391-8.
261 Akoh JA, Patel N. Infection of hemodialysis arteriovenous grafts. J Vasc Access. 2010;11(2):155-8.
262 Kessler M, Hoen B, Mayeux D, Hestin D, Fontenaille C. Bacteremia in patients on chronic hemodialysis. A multicenter prospective survey. Nephron. 1993;64(1):95-100.
263 Lafrance JP, Rahme E, Lelorier J, Iqbal S. Vascular access- related infections: definitions, incidence rates, and risk factors. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;52(5):982-93.
264 Lentino JR, Baddour LM, Wray M, Wong ES, Yu VL. Staphylo- coccus aureus and other bacteremias in hemodialysis patients: antibiotic therapy and surgical removal of access site. Infection. 2000;28(6):355-60.
265 Li PK, Chow KM. Infectious complications in dialysise epidemiology and outcomes. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2011;8(2):77-88.
266 Tabbara MR, O’Hara PJ, Hertzer NR, Krajewski LP, Beven EG. Surgical management of infected PTFE hemodialysis grafts: analysis of a 15-year experience. Ann Vasc Surg. 1995;9(4):378-84.
267 Christensen LD, Skadborg MB, Mortensen AH, et al. Bacteriology of the Buttonhole Cannulation Tract in Hemodialysis Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2018;72(2):234-42.
268 Fokou M, Teyang A, Ashuntantang G, et al. Complications of arteriovenous fis- tula for hemodialysis: an 8-year study. Ann Vasc Surg. 2012;26(5):680-4.
269 MacRae JM, Ahmed SB, Atkar R, Hemmelgarn BR. A randomized trial comparing buttonhole with rope ladder needling in conventional hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;7(10):1632-8.
270 Muir CA, Kotwal SS, Hawley CM, et al. Buttonhole cannulation and clinical outcomes in a home hemodialysis cohort and systematic review. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9(1):110-9.
271 Kim CY, Guevara CJ, Engstrom BI, et al. Analysis of infection risk following covered stent exclusion of pseudoaneurysms in prosthetic arteriovenous hemodialysis access grafts. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2012;23(1):69-74.
272 Ayus JC, Sheikh-Hamad D. Silent infection in clotted hemodialysis access grafts. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998;9(7):1314-7.
273 Legout L, D’Elia PV, Sarraz-Bournet B, et al. Diagnosis and management of prosthetic vascular graft infections. Med Mal Infect. 2012;42(3):102-9.
274 Padberg FT Jr, Calligaro KD, Sidawy AN. Complications of arteriovenous hemodialysisaccess: recognition and management. J Vasc Surg. 2008;48(5, Suppl):55S-80S.
275 Bolton WD, Cull DL, Taylor SM, et al. The use of cryopreserved femoral vein grafts for hemodialysis access in patients at high risk for infection: a word of caution. J Vasc Surg. 2002;36(3):464-8.
276 Calligaro KD, Veith FJ, Gupta SK, et al. A modified method for management of prosthetic graft infections involving an anastomosis to the common femoral artery. J Vasc Surg. 1990;11(4):485-92.
277 Hemodialysis Adequacy 2006 Work Group. Clinical practice guidelines for hemodialysis adequacy, update 2006. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;48:S2-90.
278 Schanzer A, Ciaranello AL, Schanzer H. Brachial artery ligation with total graft excision is a safe and effective approach to prosthetic arteriovenous graft infections. J Vasc Surg. 2008;48(3):655-8.
279 Tullavardhana T, Chartkitchareon A. Meta-analysis of total versus partial graft excision: Which is the better choice to manage arteriovenous dialysis graft infection? Ann Saudi Med. 2022;42(5):343-50.
280 Liu RH, Fraser CD 3rd, Zhou X, Beaulieu RJ, Reifsnyder T. Complete versus partial excision of infected arteriovenous grafts: Does remnant graft material impact outcomes? J Vasc Surg. 2020;71(1):174-9.
281 Schwab DP, Taylor SM, Cull DL, et al. Isolated arteriovenous dialysis access graft segment infection: the results of segmental bypass and partial graft excision. Ann Vasc Surg. 2000;14(1):63-6.
282 Töpel I, Betz T, Uhl C, Wiesner M, Bröckner S, Steinbauer M. Use of biosynthetic prosthesis (Omniflow II®) to replace infected infrainguinal prosthetic grafts—first results. Vasa. 2012;41(3):215-20.
283 Kumbar L. Complications of arteriovenous fistulae: beyond venous stenosis. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2012;19(3):195-201.
284 Balaz P, Bjorck M. True aneurysm in autologous hemodialysis: definitions, classification and indications for treatment. J Vasc Access. 2015;16(6):446-53.
285 Pasklinsky G, Meisner RJ, Labropoulos N, et al. Management of true aneurysms of hemodialysis access fistulas. J Vasc Surg. 2011;53(5):1291.
286 Mestres G, Fontsere N, Yugueros X, Tarazona M, Ortiz I, Riambau V. Aneurysmal degeneration of the inflow artery after arteriovenous access for hemodialysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2014;48(5):592-6.
287 Rajput A, Rajan DK, Simons ME, et al. Venous aneurysms in autogenous hemodialysis fistulas: is there an association with venous outflow stenosis. J Vasc Access. 2013;14(2):126-30.
288 Jankovic A, Donfrid B, Adam J, et al. Arteriovenous fistula aneurysm in patients on regular hemodialysis: prevalence and risk factors. Nephron Clin Pract. 2013;124(1-2):94-8.
289 Watson KR, Gallagher M, Ross R, et al. The aneurysmal arteriovenous fistula - morphological study and assessment of clinical implications. A pilot study. Vascular. 2015;23(5):498-503.
290 Mudoni A, Cornacchiari M, Gallieni M, et al. Aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms in dialysis access. Clin Kidney J. 2015;8(4):363-7.
291 Inston N, Mistry H, Gilbert J, et al. Aneurysms in vascular access: state of the art and future developments. J Vasc Access. 2017;18(6):464-72.
292 Field MA, McGrogan DG, Tullet K, Inston NG. Arteriovenous fistula aneurysms in patients with Alport’s. J Vasc Access. 2013;14(4):397-9.
293 Jose MD, Marshall MR, Read G, et al. Fatal dialysis vascular access hemorrhage. Am J Kidney Dis. 2017;70(4):570-5.
294 Lazarides MK, Georgiadis GS, Argyriou C. Aneurysm formation and infection in AV prosthesis. J Vasc Access. 2014;15(Suppl 7):S120-4.
295 Almehmi A, Wang S. Partial aneurysmectomy is effective in managing aneurysm-associated complications of arteriovenous fistulae for hemodialysis: case series and literature review. Semin Dial. 2012;25(3):357-64.
296 Belli S, Parlakgumus A, Colakoglu T, et al. Surgical treatment modalities for complicated aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms of arteriovenous fistulas. J Vasc Access. 2012;13(4):438-45.
297 Hossny A. Partial aneurysmectomy for salvage of autogenous arteriovenous fistula with complicated venous aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 2014;59(4):1073-7.
298 Piccolo C 3rd, Madden N, Famularo M, Domer G, Mannella W. Partial aneurysmectomy of venous aneurysms in arteriovenous dialysis fistulas. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2015;49(5-6):124-8.
299 Woo K, Cook PR, Garg J, Hye RJ, Canty TG. Midterm results of a novel technique to salvage autogenous dialysis access in aneurysmal arteriovenous fistulas. J Vasc Surg. 2010;51(4):921-5, 925.e1.
300 Bachleda P, Utíkal P, Kalinová L, Váchalová M. Surgical remodelling of haemodialysis fistula aneurysms. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2011;40(3):136-9.
301 Allaria PM, Costantini E, Lucatello A, Gandini E, Caligara F, Giangrande A. Aneurysm of arteriovenous fistula in uremic patients: is endograft a viable therapeutic approach? J Vasc Access. 2002;3(2):85-8.
302 Shemesh D, Goldin I, Zaghal I, Berelowitz D, Verstandig AG, Olsha O. Stent graft treatment for hemodialysis access aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 2011;54(4):1088-94.
Submitted date:
03/23/2023
Accepted date:
05/09/2023
Facebook
Google+
Twitter
LinkedIn
Mendeley
StumbleUpon
CiteULike
Reddit
Email