Jornal Vascular Brasileiro
https://jvascbras.org/article/doi/10.1590/1677-5449.202300591
Jornal Vascular Brasileiro
Diretriz

Diretrizes sobre doença arterial periférica da Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular

Brazilian Society of Angiology and Vascular Surgery guidelines on peripheral artery disease

Fabiano Luiz Erzinger; Afonso César Polimanti; Daniel Mendes Pinto; Gustavo Murta; Marcus Vinicius Cury; Ricardo Bernardo da Silva; Rodrigo Bruno Biagioni; Sergio Quilici Belckzac; Edwaldo Edner Joviliano; Walter Junior Boin de Araujo; Julio Cesar Peclat de Oliveira

Downloads: 2
Views: 141

Resumo

Pacientes com doença arterial periférica e aterosclerose generalizada apresentam alto risco de complicações cardiovasculares e nos membros, o que afeta sua qualidade de vida e longevidade. A doença aterosclerótica das extremidades inferiores está associada à alta morbimortalidade cardiovascular, sendo necessário para sua adequada terapia realizar o tratamento dos fatores dependentes do paciente, como a modificação no estilo de vida, e dos fatores dependentes do médico, como o tratamento clínico, tratamento endovascular ou cirurgia convencional. A abordagem médica para a doença arterial periférica é multifacetada, e inclui como principais medidas a redução do nível do colesterol, a terapia antitrombótica, o controle da pressão arterial e do diabetes e a cessação do tabagismo. A adesão a esse regime pode reduzir as complicações relacionadas aos membros, como a isquemia crônica que ameaça o membro e pode levar à sua amputação, e as complicações sistêmicas da aterosclerose, como o acidente vascular cerebral e infarto do miocárdio.

Palavras-chave

doença arterial periférica; diagnóstico; tratamento; metanálise

Abstract

Patients with peripheral artery disease and generalized atherosclerosis are at high risk of cardiovascular and limb complications, affecting both quality of life and longevity. Lower limb atherosclerotic disease is associated with high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and adequate management is founded on treatments involving patient-dependent factors, such as lifestyle changes, and physician-dependent factors, such as clinical treatment, endovascular treatment, or conventional surgery. Medical management of peripheral artery disease is multifaceted, and its most important elements are reduction of cholesterol level, antithrombotic therapy, control of arterial blood pressure, control of diabetes, and smoking cessation. Adhesion to this regime can reduce complications related to the limbs, such as chronic limb-threatening ischemia, that can result in amputation, and the systemic complications of atherosclerosis, such as stroke and myocardial infarction.

Keywords

peripheral artery disease; diagnosis; treatment; metanalysis.

Referências

1 Patel MR, Conte MS, Cutlip DE, et al. Evaluation and treatment of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease: consensus definitions from Peripheral Academic Research Consortium (PARC). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(9):931-41. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2014.12.036. PMid:25744011.

2 Stoner MC, Calligaro KD, Chaer RA, et al. Reporting standards of the Society for Vascular Surgery for endovascular treatment of chronic lower extremity peripheral artery disease. J Vasc Surg. 2016;64(1):e1-21. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2016.03.420. PMid:27345516.

3 Rutherford RB, Baker JD, Ernst C, et al. Recommended standards for reports dealing with lower extremity ischemia: revised version. J Vasc Surg. 1997;26(3):517-38. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0741-5214(97)70045-4. PMid:9308598.

4 Conte MS, Geraghty PJ, Bradbury AW, et al. Suggested objective performance goals and clinical trial design for evaluating catheter-based treatment of critical limb ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 2009;50(6):1462-73.e3. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2009.09.044. PMid:19897335.

5 Aboyans V, Ricco JB, Bartelink MLEL, et al. 2017 ESC guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral arterial diseases, in collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS). Eur Heart J. 2018;39(9):763-816. http://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx095. PMid:28886620.

6 Gerhard-Herman MD, Gornik HL, Barrett C, et al. 2016 AHA/ACC Guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2017;135(12):e686-725. http://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000470. PMid:27840332.

7 Olin JW, Allie DE, Belkin M, et al. ACCF/ AHA/ ACR/ SCAI/ SIR/ SVM/ SVN/ SVS 2010 performance measures for adults with peripheral artery disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures, the American College of Radiology, the Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions, the Society for Interventional Radiology, the Society for Vascular Medicine, the Society for Vascular Nursing, and the Society for Vascular Surgery (Writing Committee to Develop Clinical Performance Measures for Peripheral Artery Disease). J Vasc Surg. 2010;52(6):1616-52. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2010.10.065. PMid:21146750.

8 Fowkes FGR, Rudan D, Rudan I, et al. Comparison of global estimates of prevalence and risk factors for peripheral artery disease in 2000 and 2010: A systematic review and analysis. Lancet. 2013;382(9901):1329-40. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61249-0. PMid:23915883.

9 Makowski L, Feld J, Köppe J, et al. Sex related differences in therapy and outcome of patients with intermittent claudication in a real-world cohort. Atherosclerosis. 2021;325:75-82. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.03.019. PMid:33901740.

10 Lassila R. Role and management of coagulation disorders in peripheral arterial disease. Scand J Surg. 2012;101(2):94-9. http://doi.org/10.1177/145749691210100204. PMid:22623441.

11 Cassar K, Bachoo P, Ford I, Greaves M, Brittenden J. Markers of coagulation activation, endothelial stimulation and inflammation in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2005;29(2):171-6. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2004.11.001. PMid:15649725.

12 Zamzam A, Syed MH, Rand ML, et al. Altered coagulation profile in peripheral artery disease patients. Vascular. 2020;28(4):368-77. http://doi.org/10.1177/1708538120915997. PMid:32252612.

13 Memtsas V, Arachchillage D, Gorog D. Role, laboratory assessment and clinical relevance of fibrin, factor XIII and endogenous fibrinolysis in arterial and venous thrombosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(3):1472. http://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031472. PMid:33540604.

14 Fowkes F, Murray G, Butcher I, et al. Ankle brachial index combined with framingham risk score to predict cardiovascular events and mortality: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2008;300(2):197-208. http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.300.2.197. PMid:18612117.

15 De Luca L, Bonaca MP, Magnani G. Antithrombotic strategies for patients with coronary and lower extremity peripheral artery diseases: a narrative review. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2020;18(12):881-9. http://doi.org/10.1080/14779072.2020.1833719. PMid:33021875.

16 Berger A, Simpson A, Leeper NJ, et al. Real-world predictors of major adverse cardiovascular events and major adverse limb events among patients with chronic coronary artery disease and/or peripheral arterial disease. Adv Ther. 2020;37(1):240-52. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-019-01132-z. PMid:31705434.

17 Pastori D, Farcomeni A, Milanese A, et al. Statins and major adverse limb events in patients with peripheral artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thromb Haemost. 2020;120(5):866-75. http://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1709711. PMid:32369857.

18 Wang CCL, Blomster JI, Heizer G, et al. Cardiovascular and limb outcomes in patients with diabetes and peripheral artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(25):3274-84. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.09.078. PMid:30573030.

19 Jones WS, Patel MR, Dai D, et al. High mortality risks after major lower extremity amputation in Medicare patients with peripheral artery disease. Am Heart J. 2013;165(5):809-15, 815.e1. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2012.12.002. PMid:23622919.

20 Bevan GH, White Solaru KT. Evidence-based medical management of peripheral artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2020;40(3):541-53. http://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.119.312142. PMid:31996023.

21 Murad MH. Clinical practice guidelines: a primer on development and dissemination. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017;92(3):423-33. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.01.001. PMid:28259229.

22 Makdisse M, Nascimento R No, Chagas AC, et al. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007;88(5):501-6. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2007000500001. PMid:17589622.

23 Leng GC, Fowkes FGR. The Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire: an improved version of the WHO/Rose questionnaire for use in epidemiological surveys. J Clin Epidemiol. 1992;45(10):1101-9. http://doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(92)90150-L. PMid:1474406.

24 Hennion DR, Siano KA. Diagnosis and treatment of peripheral arterial disease. Am Fam Physician. 2013;88(5):306-10. PMid:24010393.

25 Aboyans V, Criqui MH, Abraham P, et al. Measurement and inter- pretation of the Ankle-Brachial Index: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012;126(24):2890-909. http://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e318276fbcb. PMid:23159553.

26 Khan NA, Rahim SA, Anand SS, Simel DL, Panju A. Does the clinical examination predict lower extremity peripheral arterial disease? JAMA. 2006;295(5):536-46. http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.295.5.536. PMid:16449619.

27 Tehan PE, Santos D, Chuter VH. A systematic review of the sensitivity and specificity of the toe-brachial index for detecting peripheral artery disease. Vasc Med. 2016;21(4):382-9. http://doi.org/10.1177/1358863X16645854. PMid:27165712.

28 Hess H, Mietaschk A, Deichsel G. Drug-induced inhibition of platelet function delays progression of peripheral occlusive arterial disease. A prospective double-blind arteriographically controlled trial. Lancet. 1985;1(8426):415-9. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(85)91144-4. PMid:2857803.

29 Regensteiner JG, Hiatt WR. Current medical therapies for patients with peripheral arterial disease: a critical review. Am J Med. 2002;112(1):49-57. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(01)01034-8. PMid:11812407.

30 Bullen C. Impact of tobacco smoking and smoking cessation on cardiovascular risk and disease. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2008;6(6):883-95. http://doi.org/10.1586/14779072.6.6.883. PMid:18570625.

31 Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2224-60. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8. PMid:23245609.

32 Skotsimara G, Antonopoulos AS, Oikonomou E, et al. Cardiovascular effects of electronic cigarettes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2019;26(11):1219-28. http://doi.org/10.1177/2047487319832975. PMid:30823865.

33 Goniewicz ML, Miller CR, Sutanto E, Li D. How effective are electronic cigarettes for reducing respiratory and cardiovascular risk in smokers? A systematic review. Harm Reduct J. 2020;17(1):91. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-020-00440-w. PMid:33228671.

34 Hartmann-Boyce J, Livingstone-Banks J, Ordóñez-Mena JM, et al. Behavioural interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;1:CD013229. PMid:33411338.

35 Cahill K, Lindson-Hawley N, Thomas KH, Fanshawe TR, Lancaster T. Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;2016(5):CD006103. http://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006103.pub7. PMid:27158893.

36 Hennrikus D, Joseph AM, Lando HA, et al. Effectiveness of a smoking cessation program for peripheral artery disease patients: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(25):2105-12. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.07.031. PMid:21144971.

37 Thanigaimani S, Drovandi A, Golledge J. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of smoking cessation interventions in people with peripheral artery disease. J Vasc Surg. 2022;75(2):721-729.e7. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2021.07.248. PMid:34600029.

38 Lancaster T, Stead LF. Individual behavioural counselling for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;3(3):CD001292. PMid:28361496.

39 Jude EB, Oyibo SO, Chalmers N, Boulton AJM. Peripheral arterial disease in diabetic and nondiabetic patients: a comparison of severity and outcome. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(8):1433-7. http://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.24.8.1433. PMid:11473082.

40 Stone JA, Houlden RL, Lin P, Udell JA, Verma S. Cardiovascular protection in people with diabetes. Can J Diabetes. 2018;42(Suppl 1):S162-9. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.10.024. PMid:29650091.

41 Khan SZ, Rivero M, Nader ND, et al. Metformin is associated with improved survival and decreased cardiac events with no impact on patency and limb salvage after revascularization for peripheral arterial disease. Ann Vasc Surg. 2019;55:63-77. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2018.05.054. PMid:30081159.

42 Palmer SC, Mavridis D, Nicolucci A, et al. Comparison of clinical outcomes and adverse events associated with glucose-lowering drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2016;316(3):313-24. http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.9400. PMid:27434443.

43 Dicembrini I, Tomberli B, Nreu B, et al. Peripheral artery disease and amputations with sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019;153:138-44. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2019.05.028. PMid:31150722.

44 Huang CY, Lee JK. Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors and major adverse limb events: a trial-level meta-analysis including 51 713 individuals. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020;22(12):2348-55. http://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14159. PMid:32744411.

45 Holman RR, Coleman RL, Chan JCN, et al. Effects of acarbose on cardiovascular and diabetes outcomes in patients with coronary heart disease and impaired glucose tolerance (ACE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(11):877-86. http://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30309-1. PMid:28917545.

46 Gerstein HC, Bosch J, Dagenais GR, et al. Basal insulin and cardiovascular and other outcomes in dysglycemia. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(4):319-28. http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1203858. PMid:22686416.

47 Chang CC, Chen YT, Hsu CY, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, peripheral arterial disease, and lower extremity amputation risk in diabetic patients. Am J Med. 2017;130(3):348-55. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.10.016. PMid:27884648.

48 Lin DSH, Lee JK, Chen WJ. Major adverse cardiovascular and limb events in patients with diabetes treated with GLP-1 receptor agonists vs DPP-4 inhibitors. Diabetologia. 2021;64(9):1949-62. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-021-05497-1. PMid:34195865.

49 Selvin E, Marinopoulos S, Berkenblit G, et al. Meta-analysis: glycosylated hemoglobin and cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141(6):421-31. http://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-141-6-200409210-00007. PMid:15381515.

50 Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY, et al. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(25):2643-53. http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa052187. PMid:16371630.

51 van Dieren S, Kengne AP, Chalmers J, et al. Intensification of medication and glycaemic control among patients with type 2 diabetesdthe ADVANCE trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2014;16(5):426-32. http://doi.org/10.1111/dom.12238. PMid:24251579.

52 Fox CS, Golden SH, Anderson C, et al. Update on prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in light of recent evidence: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(9):1777-803. http://doi.org/10.2337/dci15-0012. PMid:26246459.

53 American Diabetes Association. 6. Glycemic targets: standards of medical care in diabetes-2018 Diabetes Care. 2018;41(Suppl 1):S55-64. PMid:29222377.

54 Stacul F, van der Molen AJ, Reimer P, et al. Contrast induced nephropathy: updated ESUR Contrast Media Safety Committee guidelines. Eur Radiol. 2011;21(12):2527-41. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-011-2225-0. PMid:21866433.

55 van der Molen AJ, Reimer P, Dekkers IA, et al. Post-contrast acute kidney injury. Part 2: risk stratification, role of hydration and other prophylactic measures, patients taking metformin and chronic dialysis patients: recommendations for updated ESUR Contrast Medium Safety Committee guidelines. Eur Radiol. 2018;28(7):2856-69. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-017-5247-4. PMid:29417249.

56 Momsen AH, Jensen MB, Norager CB, Madsen MR, Vestersgaard-Andersen T, Lindholt JS. Drug therapy for improving walking distance in intermittent claudication: a systematic review and meta-analysis of robust randomised controlled studies. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2009;38(4):463-74. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2009.06.002. PMid:19586783.

57 Aung PP, Maxwell HG, Jepson RG, Price JF, Leng GC. Lipid-lowering for peripheral arterial disease of the lower limb. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;2007(4):CD000123. http://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000123.pub2. PMid:17943736.

58 Westin GG, Armstrong EJ, Bang H, et al. Association between statin medications and mortality, major adverse cardiovascular event, and amputation-free survival in patients with critical limb ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(7):682-90. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.09.073. PMid:24315911.

59 McDermott MM, Guralnik JM, Greenland P, et al. Statin use and leg functioning in patients with and without lower-extremity peripheral arterial disease. Circulation. 2003;107(5):757-61. http://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000050380.64025.07. PMid:12578881.

60 Frank U, Nikol S, Belch J, et al. ESVM guideline on peripheral arterial disease. Vasa. 2019;48(Suppl 102):1-79. http://doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000834. PMid:31789115.

61 Taylor F, Huffman MD, Macedo AF, et al. Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(1):CD004816. PMid:23440795.

62 Pedersen TR, Kjekshus J, Pyörälä K, et al. Effect of simvastatin on ischemic signs and symptoms in the Scandinavian simvastatin survival study (4S). Am J Cardiol. 1998;81(3):333-5. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(97)00904-1. PMid:9468077.

63 Abbruzzese TA, Havens J, Belkin M, et al. Statin therapy is associated with improved patency of autogenous infrainguinal bypass grafts. J Vasc Surg. 2004;39(6):1178-85. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2003.12.027. PMid:15192555.

64 Hsu C-Y, Chen Y-T, Su Y-W, Chang C-C, Huang P-H, Lin S-J. Statin therapy reduces future risk of lower-limb amputation in patients with diabetes and peripheral artery disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(7):2373-81. http://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-3717. PMid:28398564.

65 Kumbhani DJ, Steg PG, Cannon CP, et al. Statin therapy and long-term adverse limb outcomes in patients with peripheral artery disease: insights from the REACH registry. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(41):2864-72. http://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehu080. PMid:24585266.

66 Mohler ER 3rd, Hiatt WR, Creager MA. Cholesterol reduction with ator- vastatin improves walking distance in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Circulation. 2003;108(12):1481-6. http://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000090686.57897.F5. PMid:12952839.

67 Schanzer A, Hevelone N, Owens CD, Beckman JA, Belkin M, Conte MS. Statins are independently associated with reduced mortality in patients undergoing infrainguinal bypass graft surgery for critical limb ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 2008;47(4):774-81. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2007.11.056. PMid:18381138.

68 Antoniou GA, Fisher RK, Georgiadis GS, Antoniou SA, Torella F. Statin therapy in lower limb peripheral arterial disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Vascul Pharmacol. 2014;63(2):79-87. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.vph.2014.09.001. PMid:25446168.

69 Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. Randomized trial of the effects of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin on peripheral vascular and other major vascular outcomes in 20,536 people with peripheral arterial disease and other high-risk conditions. J Vasc Surg. 2007;45(4):645-54. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2006.12.054. PMid:17398372.

70 Sabatine MS, Giugliano RP, Keech AC, et al. Evolocumab and clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(18):1713-22. http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1615664. PMid:28304224.

71 Criqui MH, Aboyans V. Epidemiology of peripheral artery disease. Circ Res. 2015;116(9):1509-26. http://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.303849. PMid:25908725.

72 Emdin CA, Anderson SG, Callender T, et al. Usual blood pressure, peripheral arterial disease, and vascular risk: cohort study of 4.2 million adults. BMJ. 2015;351:h4865. http://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h4865. PMid:26419648.

73 Barroso WKS, Rodrigues CIS, Bortolotto LA, et al. Brazilian guidelines of hypertension - 2020. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021;116(3):516-658. http://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20201238. PMid:33909761.

74 Ettehad D, Emdin CA, Kiran A, et al. Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta- analysis. Lancet. 2016;387(10022):957-67. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01225-8. PMid:26724178.

75 Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension. 2018;71(6):1269-324. http://doi.org/10.1161/HYP.0000000000000066. PMid:29133354.

76 Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(33):3021-104. http://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy339. PMid:30165516.

77 Aboyans V, Bauersachs R, Mazzolai L, et al. Antithrombotic therapies in aortic and peripheral arterial diseases in 2021: a consensus document from the ESC working group on aorta and peripheral vascular diseases, the ESC working group on thrombosis, and the ESC working group on cardiovascular pharmacotherapy. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(39):4013-24. http://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab390. PMid:34279602.

78 Bonaca MP, Scirica BM, Creager MA, et al. Vorapaxar in patients with peripheral artery disease: results from TRA2 P-TIMI 50. Circulation. 2013;127(14):1522-9. http://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.000679. PMid:23501976.

79 Cacoub PP, Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Topol EJ, Creager MA. Patients with peripheral arterial disease in the CHARISMA trial. Eur Heart J. 2009;30(2):192-201. http://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehn534. PMid:19136484.

80 Belch J, MacCuish A, Campbell I, et al. The prevention of progression of arterial disease and diabetes (POPADAD) trial: factorial randomised placebo controlled trial of aspirin and antioxidants in patients with diabetes and asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease. BMJ. 2008;337(2):a1840. http://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a1840. PMid:18927173.

81 Fowkes FG, Price JF, Stewart MC, et al. Aspirin for prevention of cardiovascular events in a general population screened for a low ankle brachial index: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010;303(9):841-8. http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.221. PMid:20197530.

82 Soejima H, Morimoto T, Saito Y, Ogawa H. Aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with peripheral artery disease or diabetes mellitus: analyses from the JPAD, POPADAD and AAA trials. Thromb Haemost. 2010;104(6):1085-8. PMid:20941462.

83 Olinic DM, Tataru DA, Homorodean C, Spinu M, Olinic M. Antithrombotic treatment in peripheral artery disease. Vasa. 2018;47(2):99-108. http://doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000676. PMid:29160765.

84 Abramson BL, Al-Omran M, Anand SS, et al. Canadian Cardiovascular Society 2022 guidelines for peripheral arterial disease. Can J Cardiol. 2022;38(5):560-87. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2022.02.029. PMid:35537813.

85 CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet. 1996;348(9038):1329-39. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)09457-3. PMid:8918275.

86 Baigent C, Blackwell L, Collins R, et al. Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet. 2009;373(9678):1849-60. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60503-1. PMid:19482214.

87 Hess CN, Debus ES, Nehler MR, et al. Reduction in acute limb ischemia with rivaroxaban versus placebo in peripheral artery disease after lower extremity revascularization: insights from VOYAGER PAD. Circulation. 2021;144(23):1831-41. http://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.055146. PMid:34637332.

88 Anand SS, Bosch J, Eikelboom JW, et al. Rivaroxaban with or without aspirin in patients with stable peripheral or carotid artery disease: an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2018;391(10117):219-29. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32409-1. PMid:29132880.

89 Catalano M, Born G, Peto R. Prevention of serious vascular events by aspirin amongst patients with peripheral arterial disease: randomized, double-blind trial. J Intern Med. 2007;261(3):276-84. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01763.x. PMid:17305650.

90 Anttithrombotic Trialists’ Collaboration. Collaborative meta- analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ. 2002;324(7329):71-86. http://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7329.71. PMid:11786451.

91 Janzon L, Bergqvist D, Boberg J, et al. Prevention of myocardial infarction and stroke in patients with intermittent claudication; effects of ticlopidine. Results from STIMS, the Swedish Ticlopidine Multicentre Study. J Intern Med. 1990;227(5):301-8. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.1990.tb00164.x. PMid:2187948.

92 Bhatt DL, Fox KAA, Hacke W, et al. Clopidogrel and aspirin versus aspirin alone for the prevention of atherothrombotic events. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(16):1706-17. http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa060989. PMid:16531616.

93 Bonaca MP, Bhatt DL, Cohen M, et al. Long-term use of ticagrelor in patients with prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(19):1791-800. http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1500857. PMid:25773268.

94 Bonaca MP, Bhatt D, Storey R, et al. Efficacy and safety of ticagrelor as long-term secondary prevention in patients with prior myocardial infarction and peripheral artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(13, Suppl):2266. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(16)32267-7.

95 Eikelboom JW, Connolly SJ, Bosch J, et al. Rivaroxaban with or without Aspirin in stable cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(14):1319-30. http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1709118. PMid:28844192.

96 Anand SS, Caron F, Eikelboom JW, et al. Major adverse limb events and mortality in patients with peripheral artery disease: the COMPASS Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(20):2306-15. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.03.008. PMid:29540326.

97 Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, Nehler MR, Harris KA, Fowkes FGR. Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2007;33(Suppl 1):S1-75. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2006.09.024. PMid:17140820.

98 Sobel M, Verhaeghe R. Antithrombotic therapy for peripheral artery occlusive disease: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest. 2008;133(6, Suppl):815S. PMid:18574279.

99 Venermo M, Sprynger M, Desormais I, et al. Follow-up of patients after revascularisation for peripheral. arterial diseases: a consensus document from the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Aorta and Peripheral Vascular Diseases and the European Society for Vascular Surgery. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2019;26(18):1971-84. http://doi.org/10.1177/2047487319846999. PMid:31672063.

100 Sarac TP, Huber TS, Back MR, et al. Warfarin improves the outcome of infrainguinal vein bypass grafting at high risk. for failure. J Vasc Surg. 1998;28(3):446-57. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0741-5214(98)70130-2. PMid:9737454.

101 Davies MG, Hagen P-O. Pathophysiology of vein graft failure: a review. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 1995;9(1):7-18. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1078-5884(05)80218-7. PMid:7664016.

102 Whayne TF Jr. A review of the role of anticoagulation in the treatment of peripheral arterial disease. Int J Angiol. 2012;21(4):187-94. http://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1330232. PMid:24293975.

103 Dias SVM, Flumignan RLG, Iared W. Evidence from Cochrane systematic reviews for effects of antithrombotic drugs for lower-limb revascularization: a narrative review. Sao Paulo Med J. 2021;139(6):675-84. http://doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.2020.0640.110321. PMid:34406310.

104 Belch JJF, Dormandy J, Biasi GM, et al. Results of the randomized, placebo- controlled clopidogrel and acetylsalicylic acid in bypass surgery for peripheral arterial disease (CASPAR) trial. J Vasc Surg. 2010;52(4):825-33. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2010.04.027. PMid:20678878.

105 Antithrombotic Trialists Collaboration. Collaborative meta- analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ. 2002;324(7329):71-86. http://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7329.71. PMid:11786451.

106 Tangelder MJD, Lawson JA, Algra A, Eikelboom BC. Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of aspirin and oral anticoagulants in the prevention of graft occlusion and ischemic events after infrainguinal bypass surgery. J Vasc Surg. 1999;30(4):701-9. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0741-5214(99)70109-6. PMid:10514209.

107 Frank U, Nikol S, Belch J, et al. ESVM Guideline on peripheral arterial disease. Vasa. 2019;48(Suppl 102):1-79. http://doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000834. PMid:31789115.

108 Dutch Bypass Oral Anticoagulants or Aspirin (BOA) Study Group. Efficacy of oral anticoagulants compared with aspirin after infrainguinal bypass surgery (The Dutch Bypass Oral anticoagulants or Aspirin study): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2000;355(9201):346-51. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(99)07199-8. PMid:10665553.

109 Bonaca MP, Bauersachs RM, Anand SS, et al. Rivaroxaban in peripheral artery disease after revascularization. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(21):1994-2004. http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2000052. PMid:32222135.

110 Hiatt WR, Bonaca MP, Patel MR, et al. Rivaroxaban and aspirin in peripheral artery disease lower extremity revascularization: impact of concomitant clopidogrel on efficacy and safety. Circulation. 2020;142(23):2219-30. http://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050465. PMid:33138628.

111 Geraghty AJ, Welch K. Antithrombotic agents for preventing thrombosis after infrainguinal arterial bypass surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;2011(6):CD000536. PMid:21678330.

112 Schillinger M, Exner M, Mlekusch W, et al. Balloon angioplasty and stent implantation induce a vascular inflammatory reaction. J Endovasc Ther. 2002;9(1):59-66. http://doi.org/10.1177/152660280200900111. PMid:11958327.

113 Schillinger M, Exner M, Mlekusch W, et al. Inflammatory response to stent implantation: differences in femoropopliteal, iliac, and carotid arteries. Radiology. 2002;224(2):529-35. http://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2241011253. PMid:12147852.

114 Korhonen M, Halmesmäki K, Lepäntalo M, Venermo M. Predictors of failure of endovascular revascularization for critical limb ischemia. Scand J Surg. 2012;101(3):170-6. http://doi.org/10.1177/145749691210100306. PMid:22968240.

115 Cassar K, Bachoo P, Ford I, Greaves M, Brittenden J. Platelet activation is increased in peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg. 2003;38(1):99-103. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0741-5214(03)00129-0. PMid:12844097.

116 Robertson L, Ghouri MA, Kovacs F. Antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs for prevention of restenosis/reocclusion following peripheral endovascular treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;2012(8):CD002071. http://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002071.pub3. PMid:22895926.

117 Olinic DM, Tataru DA, Homorodean C, Spinu M, Olinic M. Antithrombotic treatment in peripheral artery disease. Vasa. 2018;47(2):99-108. http://doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000676. PMid:29160765.

118 Gremmel T, Xhelili E, Steiner S, Koppensteiner R, Kopp CW, Panzer S. Response to antiplatelet therapy and platelet reactivity to thrombin receptor activating peptide-6 in cardiovascular interventions: differences between periph- eral and coronary angioplasty. Atherosclerosis. 2014;232(1):119-24. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.10.027. PMid:24401225.

119 Tepe G, Bantleon R, Brechtel K, et al. Management of peripheral arterial interventions with mono or dual antiplatelet. therapy – the MIRROR study: a randomised and double-blinded clinical trial. Eur Radiol. 2012;22(9):1998-2006. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-012-2441-2. PMid:22569995.

120 Cho S, Lee YJ, Ko YG, et al. Optimal strategy for antiplatelet therapy after endovascular revascularization for lower extremity peripheral artery disease. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2019;12(23):2359-70. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2019.08.006. PMid:31734299.

121 Do DD, Mahler F. Low-dose aspirin combined with dipyridamole versus anticoagulants after femoropopliteal percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Radiology. 1994;193(2):567-71. http://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.193.2.7972781. PMid:7972781.

122 Neel JD, Kruse RL, Dombrovskiy VY, Vogel TR. Cilostazol and freedom from amputation after lower extremity revascularization. J Vasc Surg. 2015;61(4):960-4. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2014.11.067. PMid:25595396.

123 Warner CJ, Greaves SW, Larson RJ, et al. Cilostazol is associated with improved outcomes after peripheral endovascular interventions. J Vasc Surg. 2014;59(6):1607-14. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2013.11.096. PMid:24468286.

124 Desai K, Han B, Kuziez L, Yan Y, Zayed MA. Literature review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of cilostazol on limb salvage rates after infrainguinal endovascular and open revascularization. J Vasc Surg. 2021;73(2):711-721.e3. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2020.08.125. PMid:32891809.

125 Lane R, Harwood A, Watson L, Leng GC. Exercise for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;12(12):CD000990. http://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000990.pub4. PMid:29278423.

126 Jansen SC, Abaraogu UO, Lauret GJ, Fakhry F, Fokkenrood HJ, Teijink JA. Modes of exercise training for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;8(8):CD009638. PMid:32829481.

127 McDermott MM, Liu K, Guralnik JM, et al. Home-based walking exercise intervention in peripheral artery disease: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013;310(1):57-65. http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.7231. PMid:23821089.

128 Saxton JM, Zwierska I, Blagojevic M, Choksy SA, Nawaz S, Pockley AG. Upper- versus lower-limb aerobic exercise training on health-related quality of life in patients with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg. 2011;53(5):1265-73. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2010.10.125. PMid:21215558.

129 Lauret GJ, Fakhry F, Fokkenrood HJ, Hunink MG, Teijink JA, Spronk S. Modes of exercise training for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;4(7):CD009638. http://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009638.pub2. PMid:24993079.

130 Hiatt WR, Wolfel EE, Meier RH, Regensteiner JG. Superiority of treadmill walking exercise versus strength training for patients with peripheral arterial disease. Implications for the mechanism of the training response. Circulation. 1994;90(4):1866-74. http://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.90.4.1866. PMid:7923674.

131 Nicolaï SPA, Teijink JAW, Prins MH. Multicenter randomized clinical trial of supervised exercise therapy with or without feedback versus walking advice for intermittent claudication. J Vasc Surg. 2010;52(2):348-55. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2010.02.022. PMid:20478681.

132 Greenhalgh RM, Belch JJ, Brown LC, et al. The adjuvant benefit of angioplasty in patients with mild to moderate intermittent claudication (MIMIC) managed by supervised exercise, smoking cessation advice and best medical therapy: results from two randomised trials for stenotic femoropopliteal and aortoiliac arterial disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2008;36(6):680-8. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2008.10.007. PMid:19022184.

133 Nordanstig J, Gelin J, Hensäter M, Taft C, Österberg K, Jivegård L. Walking performance and health-related quality of life after surgical or endovascular invasive versus noninvasive treatment for intermittent claudication: a prospective randomised trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2011;42(2):220-7. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2011.02.019. PMid:21397530.

134 Gardner AW, Katzel LI, Sorkin JD, et al. Exercise rehabilitation improves functional outcomes and peripheral circulation in patients with intermittent claudication: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49(6):755-62. http://doi.org/10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.49152.x. PMid:11454114.

135 Lane R, Harwood A, Watson L, Leng GC. Exercise for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;12(12):CD000990. http://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000990.pub4. PMid:29278423.

136 Fakhry F, Spronk S, van der Laan L, et al. Endovascular revascularization and supervised exercise for peripheral artery disease and intermittent claudication: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;314(18):1936-44. http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.14851. PMid:26547465.

137 Jani CK, Thekdi P, Thakore V. A comparative study of upper body strength training exercise vs. treadmill walking on patients with intermittent claudication. Archives of Clinical Experimental Surgery. 2018;7(2):77-83. http://doi.org/10.5455/aces.20170503081251.

138 Stewart KJ, Hiatt WR, Regensteiner JG, Hirsch AT. Exercise training for claudication. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(24):1941-51. http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra021135. PMid:12477945.

139 Beckitt TA, Day J, Morgan M, Lamont PM. Calf muscle oxygen saturation and the effects of supervised exercise training for intermittent claudication. J Vasc Surg. 2012;56(2):470-5. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2011.11.140. PMid:22503174.

140 Kruidenier LM, Nicolaï SP, Rouwet EV, Peters RJ, Prins MH, Teijink JAW. Additional supervised exercise therapy after a percutaneous vascular intervention for peripheral arterial disease: a randomized clinical trial. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2011;22(7):961-8. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2011.02.017. PMid:21571547.

141 Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, Nehler MR, Harris KA, Fowkes FGR. Inter-society consensus for the management of peripheral arterial disease (TASC II). J Vasc Surg. 2007;45(1, Suppl S):S5-67. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2006.12.037. PMid:17223489.

142 Jelnes R, Gaardsting O, Jensen KH, Baekgaard N, Tonnesen KH, Schroeder T. Fate in intermittent claudication: outcome and risk factors. Br Med J. 1986;293(6555):1137-40. http://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.293.6555.1137. PMid:3094806.

143 Aquino R, Johnnides C, Makaroun M, et al. Natural history of claudication: long-term serial follow-up study of 1244 claudicants. J Vasc Surg. 2001;34(6):962-70. http://doi.org/10.1067/mva.2001.119749. PMid:11743546.

144 Hussain MA, Al-Omran M, Mamdani M, et al. Efficacy of a guideline- recommended risk-reduction program to improve cardiovascular and limb outcomes in patients with peripheral arterial disease. JAMA Surg. 2016;151(8):742-50. http://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2016.0415. PMid:27050566.

145 Kullo IJ, Rooke TW. Clinical practice: peripheral artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(9):861-71. http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1507631. PMid:26962905.

146 Ratchford EV. Medical management of claudication. J Vasc Surg. 2017;66(1):275-80. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2017.02.040. PMid:28533077.

147 Brown T, Forster RB, Cleanthis M, Mikhailidis DP, Stansby G, Stewart M. Cilostazol for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;6(6):CD003748. http://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003748.pub5. PMid:34192807.

148 Spronk S, van der Laan L, Wever JJ, et al. Endovascular revascularization and. supervised exercise for peripheral artery disease and intermittent claudication. a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;314:1936-44.

149 Aboyans V, Desormais I, Lacroix P, Salazar J, Criqui MH, Laskar M. The general prognosis of patients with peripheral arterial disease differs according to the disease localization. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(9):898-903. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.09.055. PMid:20185041.

150 Jongkind V, Akkersdijk GJM, Yeung KK, Wisselink W. A systematic review of endovascular treatment of extensive aortoiliac occlusive disease. J Vasc Surg. 2010;52(5):1376-83. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2010.04.080. PMid:20598474.

151 McQuade K, Gable D, Pearl G, Theune B, Black S. Four-year randomized prospective comparison of percutaneous ePTFE/nitinol self-expanding stent graft versus prosthetic femoral-popliteal bypass in the treatment of superficial femoral artery occlusive disease. J Vasc Surg. 2010;52(3):584-90. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2010.03.071. PMid:20598480.

152 Antonopoulos CN, Mylonas SN, Moulakakis KG, et al. A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing treatment modalities for de novo superficial femoral artery occlusive lesions. J Vasc Surg. 2017;65(1):234-245.e11. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2016.08.095. PMid:27865639.

153 Spiliopoulos S, Del Giudice C, Manzi M, Reppas L, Rodt T, Uberoi R. CIRSE standards of practice on below-the-knee revascularisation. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2021;44(9):1309-22. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00270-021-02891-5. PMid:34173044.

154 Ahimastos AA, Pappas EP, Buttner PG, Walker PJ, Kingwell BA, Golledge J. A meta-analysis of the outcome of endovascular and noninvasive therapies in the treatment of intermittent claudication. J Vasc Surg. 2011;54(5):1511-21. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2011.06.106. PMid:21958561.

155 Jämsén TS, Manninen HI, Tulla HE, Jaakkola PA, Matsi PJ. Infrainguinal revascularization because of claudication: total long-term outcome of endovascular and surgical treatment. J Vasc Surg. 2003;37(4):808-15. http://doi.org/10.1067/mva.2003.148. PMid:12663981.

156 Murphy TP, Cutlip DE, Regensteiner JG, et al. Supervised exercise, stent revascularization, or medical therapy for claudication due to aortoiliac peripheral artery disease: the CLEVER study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(10):999-1009. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2014.12.043. PMid:25766947.

157 Fakhry F, Fokkenrood HJ, Spronk S, Teijink JA, Rouwet EV, Hunink MGM. Endovascular revascularisation versus conservative management for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;3(3):CD010512. http://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010512.pub2. PMid:29518253.

158 Pandey A, Banerjee S, Ngo C, et al. Comparative efficacy of endovascular revascularization versus supervised exercise training in patients with intermittent claudication: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2017;10(7):712-24. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2017.01.027. PMid:28385410.

159 Koelemay MJW, van Reijen NS, van Dieren S, et al. Randomised clinical trial of supervised exercise therapy vs. endovascular revascularisation for intermittent claudication caused by iliac artery obstruction: the SUPER study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2022;63(3):421-9. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2021.09.042. PMid:35151572.

160 Jämsén TS, Manninen HI, Tulla HE, Jaakkola PA, Matsi PJ. Infrainguinal revascularization because of claudication: total long-term outcome of endovascular and surgical treatment. J Vasc Surg. 2003;37(4):808-15. http://doi.org/10.1067/mva.2003.148. PMid:12663981.

161 Shishehbor MH, White CJ, Gray BH, et al. Critical limb ischemia: an expert statement. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(18):2002-15. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.04.071. PMid:27692726.

162 Hussain MA, Al-Omran M, Creager MA, Anand SS, Verma S, Bhatt DL. Antithrombotic therapy for peripheral artery disease: recent advances. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(21):2450-67. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.03.483. PMid:29793635.

163 Abu Dabrh AM, Steffen MW, Undavalli C, et al. The natural history of untreated severe or critical limb ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 2015;62(6):1642-51.e3. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2015.07.065. PMid:26391460.

164 Forsythe RO, Apelqvist J, Boyko EJ, et al. Effectiveness of revascularisation of the ulcerated foot in patients with diabetes and peripheral artery disease: a systematic review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020;36(Suppl 1):e3279. http://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3279. PMid:32176439.

165 European Society of Radiology. Summary of the proceedings of the International Summit 2015: general and subspecialty radiology. Insights Imaging. 2015;7(1):1-5.

166 Wijnand JGJ, Zarkowsky D, Wu B, et al. The Global Limb Anatomic Staging System (GLASS) for CLTI: improving inter-observer agreement. J Clin Med. 2021;10(16):3454. http://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10163454. PMid:34441757.

167 Conte MS, Bradbury AW, Kolh P, et al. Global vascular guidelines on the management of chronic limb-threatening ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 2019;69(6):3S-125S.e40. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2019.02.016. PMid:31159978.

168 Shirasu T, Takagi H, Gregg A, et al. Predictability of the Global Limb Anatomic Staging System (GLASS) for technical and limb related outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2022;64(1):32-40. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2022.03.044. PMid:35472449.

169 Conte MS, Bradbury AW, Kolh P, et al. Global vascular guidelines on the management of chronic ischemia, limb-threatening. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2019;58(1):S1-S109.e33. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2019.05.006. PMid:31182334.

170 Farber A, Menard MT, Conte MS, et al. Surgery or endovascular therapy for chronic limb-threatening ischemia. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(25):2305-16. http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2207899. PMid:36342173.

171 Morisaki K, Matsubara Y, Yoshino S, et al. Validation of the GLASS staging systems in patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia undergoing de novo infrainguinal revascularization. Ann Vasc Surg. 2022;81:378-86. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2021.09.054. PMid:34780947.

172 Mendes-Pinto D, Rodrigues-Machado MDG, Navarro TP, Dardik A. Association between critical limb ischemia, the Society for Vascular Surgery Wound, Ischemia and Foot Infection (WIfI) classification system and arterial stiffness. Ann Vasc Surg. 2020;63:250-258.e2. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2019.07.017. PMid:31626931.

173 González-Hernandez J, Varela C, Michel I, Laime IV, Uyaguari J, March JR. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as a link between complex pedal ulcers and poor clinical results after infrainguinal surgical revascularization. Int Angiol. 2021;40(2):112-24. http://doi.org/10.23736/S0392-9590.21.04582-X. PMid:33496158.

174 Weaver ML, Hicks CW, Canner JK, et al. The Society for Vascular Surgery Wound, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI) classification system predicts wound healing better than direct angiosome perfusion in diabetic foot wounds. J Vasc Surg. 2018;68(5):1473-81. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2018.01.060. PMid:29803684.

175 Conte MS, Bradbury AW, Kolh P, et al. Global vascular guidelines on the management of chronic limb-threatening ischemia. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2019;58(1):S1-S109.e33. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2019.05.006. PMid:31182334.

176 Schanzer A, Hevelone N, Owens CD, et al. Technical factors affecting autogenous vein graft failure: observations from a large multicenter trial. J Vasc Surg. 2007;46(6):1180-90. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2007.08.033. PMid:18154993.

177 Almasri J, Adusumalli J, Asi N, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of revascularization outcomes of infrainguinal chronic limb-threatening ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 2018;68(2):624-33. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2018.01.066. PMid:29804736.

178 Conte MS, Mills JL, Bradbury AW, White JV. Implementing global chronic limb-threatening ischemia guidelines in clinical practice: Utility of the Society for Vascular Surgery Threatened Limb Classification System (WIfI). J Vasc Surg. 2020;72(4):1451-2. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2020.06.049. PMid:32972589.

179 Monteiro-Soares M, Russell D, Boyko EJ, et al. Guidelines on the classification of diabetic foot ulcers (IWGDF 2019). Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020;36(Suppl 1):e3273. http://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3273. PMid:32176445.

180 Miyake K, Kikuchi S, Tatsukawa T, et al. Predictive model for postoperative ambulatory function after lower extremity bypass in chronic limb-threatening ischemia. Ann Vasc Surg. 2021;71:321-30. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2020.07.033. PMid:32768542.

181 Menard MT, Farber A, Assmann SF, et al. Design and rationale of the best endo- vascular versus Best Surgical Therapy for Patients With Critical Limb Ischemia (BEST-CLI) trial. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5(7):e003219. http://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.003219. PMid:27402237.

182 Seeger JM, Schmidt JH, Flynn TC. Preoperative saphenous and cephalic vein mapping as an adjunct to reconstructive arterial surgery. Ann Surg. 1987;205(6):733-9. http://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-198706000-00016. PMid:3296973.

183 Schanzer A, Hevelone N, Owens CD, et al. Technical factors affecting autogenous vein graft failure: observations from a large multicenter trial. J Vasc Surg. 2007;46(6):1180-90. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2007.08.033. PMid:18154993.

184 Boufi M, Ejargue M, Gaye M, Boyer L, Alimi Y, Loundou AD. Systematic review and meta-analysis of endovascular versus open repair for common femoral artery atherosclerosis treatment. J Vasc Surg. 2021;73(4):1445-55. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2020.10.026. PMid:33098944.

185 Scheinert D, Scheinert S, Sax J, et al. Prevalence and clinical impact of stent fractures after femoropopliteal stenting. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45(2):312-5. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2004.11.026. PMid:15653033.

186 Laird JR, Katzen BT, Scheinert D, et al. Nitinol stent implantation versus balloon angioplasty for lesions in the superficial femoral artery and proximal popliteal artery: twelve-month results from the RESILIENT randomized trial. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2010;3(3):267-76. http://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.109.903468. PMid:20484101.

187 Abdoli S, Katz S, Ochoa C. Long-term patency and clinical outcomes of nitinol stenting for femoropopliteal atherosclerotic disease. Ann Vasc Surg. 2020;66:566-72. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2019.11.002. PMid:31705987.

188 Garcia LA, Rosenfield KR, Metzger CD, et al. SUPERB final 3-year outcomes using interwoven nitinol biomimetic supera stent. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2017;89(7):1259-67. http://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.27058. PMid:28471091.

189 Armstrong EJ, Jeon-Slaughter H, Kahlon RS, Niazi KA, Shammas NW, Banerjee S. Comparative outcomes of supera interwoven nitinol vs bare nitinol stents for the treatment of femoropopliteal disease: insights from the XLPAD registry. J Endovasc Ther. 2020;27(1):60-5. http://doi.org/10.1177/1526602819885652. PMid:31686573.

190 Diaz-Sandoval LJ. Commentary: one-year outcomes of endovascular therapy of the femoropopliteal segment with supera interwoven nitinol stents: mimetism, myths, or truth? J Endovasc Ther. 2020;27(1):66-8. http://doi.org/10.1177/1526602819897068. PMid:31948377.

191 Montero-Baker M, Ziomek GJ, Leon L, et al. Analysis of endovascular therapy for femoropopliteal disease with the Supera stent. J Vasc Surg. 2016;64(4):1002-8. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2016.04.053. PMid:27444365.

192 Stavroulakis K, Torsello G, Bosiers M, Argyriou A, Tsilimparis N, Bisdas T. 2-Year outcomes of the Eluvia drug-eluting stent for the treatment of complex femoropopliteal lesions. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2021;14(6):692-701. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2021.01.026. PMid:33736776.

193 Schneider PA, Laird JR, Tepe G, et al. Treatment effect of drug-coated balloons is durable to 3 years in the femoropopliteal arteries: long-term results of the IN.PACT SFA randomized trial. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2018;11(1):e005891. http://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.117.005891. PMid:29326153.

194 Rosenfield K, Jaff MR, White CJ, et al. Trial of a paclitaxel-coated balloon for femoropopliteal artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(2):145-53. http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1406235. PMid:26106946.

195 Caradu C, Lakhlifi E, Colacchio EC, et al. Systematic review and updated meta-analysis of the use of drug-coated balloon angioplasty versus plain old balloon angioplasty for femoropopliteal arterial disease. J Vasc Surg. 2019;70(3):981-995.e10. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2019.01.080. PMid:31126769.

196 Bosiers M, Scheinert D, Hendriks JMH, et al. Results from the Tack Optimized Balloon Angioplasty (TOBA) study demonstrate the benefits of minimal metal implants for dissection repair after angioplasty. J Vasc Surg. 2016;64(1):109-16. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2016.02.043. PMid:27139789.

197 Ouriel K, Adelman MA, Rosenfield K, et al. Safety of paclitaxel-coated balloon angioplasty for femoropopliteal peripheral artery disease. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2019;12(24):2515-24. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2019.08.025. PMid:31575518.

198 Freisinger E, Koeppe J, Gerss J, et al. Mortality after use of paclitaxel-based devices in peripheral arteries: a real-world safety analysis. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(38):3732-9. http://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz698. PMid:31593987.

199 Laird JR, Schneider PA, Tepe G, et al. Durability of treatment effect using a drug- coated balloon for femoropopliteal lesions: 24-month results of INPACT SFA. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(21):2329-38. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.09.063. PMid:26476467.

200 Zhou Y, Zhang Z, Lin S, et al. Comparative effectiveness of endovascular treatment modalities for de novo femoropopliteal lesions: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Endovasc Ther. 2020;27(1):42-59. http://doi.org/10.1177/1526602819895996. PMid:31948375.

201 Bosiers M, Deloose K, Callaert J, et al. Results of the Protégé EverFlex 200-mm-long nitinol stent (ev3) in TASC C and D femoropopliteal lesions. J Vasc Surg. 2011;54(4):1042-50. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2011.03.272. PMid:21636239.

202 Dake MD, Ansel GM, Jaff MR, et al. Paclitaxel-eluting stents show superiority to balloon angioplasty and bare metal stents in femoropopliteal disease: twelve-month Zilver PTX randomized study results. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2011;4(5):495-504. http://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.111.962324. PMid:21953370.

203 Gouëffic Y, Torsello G, Zeller T, et al. Efficacy of a drug-eluting stent versus bare metal stents for symptomatic femoropopliteal peripheral artery disease: primary results of the EMINENT randomized trial. Circulation. 2022;146(21):1564-76. http://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.059606. PMid:36254728.

204 Dake MD, Ansel GM, Jaff MR, et al. Durable clinical effectiveness with paclitaxel-eluting stents in the femoropopliteal artery: 5-year results of the Zilver PTX randomized trial. Circulation. 2016;133(15):1472-83. http://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.016900. PMid:26969758.

205 Wardle BG, Ambler GK, Radwan RW, Hinchliffe RJ, Twine CP. Atherectomy for peripheral arterial disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;9(9):CD006680. http://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006680.pub3. PMid:32990327.

206 Varcoe RL, Paravastu SC, Thomas SD, Bennett MH. The use of drug-eluting stents in infrapopliteal arteries: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Int Angiol. 2019;38(2):121-35. http://doi.org/10.23736/S0392-9590.19.04049-5. PMid:30650949.

207 Schmidt A, Ulrich M, Winkler B, et al. Angiographic patency and clinical outcome after balloon-angioplasty for extensive infrapopliteal arterial disease. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2010;76(7):1047-54. http://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.22658. PMid:20518006.

208 Schamp KBC, Meerwaldt R, Reijnen MMPJ, Geelkerken RH, Zeebregts CJ. The ongoing battle between infrapopliteal angioplasty and bypass surgery for critical limb ischemia. Ann Vasc Surg. 2012;26(8):1145-53. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2012.02.006. PMid:22835563.

209 Balmer H, Mahler F, Do D-D, Triller J, Baumgartner I. Balloon angioplasty in chronic critical limb ischemia: factors affect- ing clinical and angiographic outcome. J Endovasc Ther. 2002;9(4):403-10. http://doi.org/10.1177/152660280200900403. PMid:12222999.

210 Zeller T, Baumgartner I, Scheinert D, et al. Drug-eluting balloon versus standard balloon angioplasty for infrapopliteal arterial revascularization in critical limb ischemia. 12-month results from the IN. PACT DEEP randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(15):1568-76. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2014.06.1198. PMid:25301459.

211 Zeller T, Beschorner U, Pilger E, et al. Paclitaxel-coated balloon in infrapopliteal arteries: 12-month results from the BIOLUX P-II randomized trial (BIOTRONIK’S-first in man study of the passeo-18 LUX drug releasing PTA balloon catheter vs. the uncoated passeo-18 PTA balloon catheter in subjects requiring revascularization of infrapopliteal arteries). JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2015;8(12):1614-22. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2015.07.011. PMid:26493253.

212 Palena LM, Diaz-Sandoval LJ, Gomez-Jaballera E, et al. Drug-coated balloon angioplasty for the management of recurring infrapopliteal disease in diabetic patients with critical limb ischemia. Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine. 2018;19(1 Pt B):83-7. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.carrev.2017.06.006. PMid:28648324.

213 Steiner S, Schmidt A, Bausback Y, et al. Single-center experience with lutonix drug-coated balloons in infrapopliteal arteries. J Endovasc Ther. 2016;23(3):417-23. http://doi.org/10.1177/1526602816645080. PMid:27099285.

214 Randon C, Jacobs B, De Ryck F, Vermassen F. Angioplasty or primary stenting for infrapopliteal lesions: results of a prospective randomized trial. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2010;33(2):260-9. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00270-009-9765-6. PMid:19957178.

215 Yang X, Lu X, Ye K, Li X, Qin J, Jiang M. Systematic review and meta-analysis of balloon angioplasty versus primary stenting in the infrapopliteal disease. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2014;48(1):18-26. http://doi.org/10.1177/1538574413510626. PMid:24212407.

216 Fusaro M, Cassese S, Ndrepepa G, et al. Drug-eluting stents for revascularization of infrapopliteal arteries: updated meta-analysis of randomized trials. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2013;6(12):1284-93. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2013.08.007. PMid:24355118.

217 Rastan A, Brechtel K, Krankenberg H, et al. Sirolimus-eluting stents for treatment of infrapopliteal arteries reduce clinical event rate compared to bare-metal stents. Long-term results from a randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(7):587-91. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.04.035. PMid:22878166.

218 Antoniou GA, Chalmers N, Kanesalingham K, et al. Meta-analysis of outcomes of endovascular treatment of infrapopliteal occlusive disease with drug-eluting stents. J Endovasc Ther. 2013;20(2):131-44. http://doi.org/10.1583/1545-1550-20.2.131. PMid:23581752.

219 Siablis D, Karnabatidis D, Katsanos K, et al. Infrapopliteal application of sirolimus-eluting versus bare metal stents for critical limb ischemia: analysis of long-term angiographic and clinical outcome. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2009;20(9):1141-50. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2009.05.031. PMid:19620014.

220 Matsuoka EK, Hasebe T, Ishii R, Miyazaki N, Soejima K, Iwasaki K. Comparative performance analysis of interventional devices for the treatment of ischemic disease in below-the-knee lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Interv Ther. 2022;37(1):145-57. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12928-021-00758-7. PMid:33547627.

221 Singh GD, Brinza EK, Hildebrand J, et al. Midterm outcomes after infrapopliteal interventions in patients with critical limb ischemia based on the TASC II classification of below-the-knee arteries. J Endovasc Ther. 2017;24(3):321-30. http://doi.org/10.1177/1526602817704643. PMid:28421855.

222 Premaratne S, Newman J, Hobbs S, Garnham A, Wall M. Meta- analysis of direct surgical versus endovascular revascularization for aortoiliac occlusive disease. J Vasc Surg. 2020;72(2):726-37. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2019.12.035. PMid:32171442.

223 Almasri J, Adusumalli J, Asi N, et al. A systematic review and meta- analysis of revascularization outcomes of infrainguinal chronic limb- threatening ischemia. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2019;58(1S):S110-9. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2019.04.013. PMid:31221539.

224 Adam DJ, Beard JD, Cleveland T, et al. Bypass versus angioplasty in severe ischaemia of the leg (BASIL): multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366(9501):1925-34. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67704-5. PMid:16325694.

225 Farber A, Eberhardt RT. The current state of critical limb ischemia: a systematic review. JAMA Surg. 2016;151(11):1070-7. http://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2016.2018. PMid:27551978.

226 Biagioni RB, Nasser F, Matielo MF, et al. Comparison of bypass and endovascular intervention for popliteal occlusion with the involvement of trifurcation for critical limb ischemia. Ann Vasc Surg. 2020;63:218. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2019.07.004. PMid:31536796.

227 Bedenis R, Lethaby A, Maxwell H, Acosta S, Prins MH. Antiplatelet agents for preventing thrombosis after peripheral arterial bypass surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(2):CD000535. PMid:25695213.

228 Beard JD, Benveniste GL, Miller JH, Baird RN, Horrocks M. Haemodynamics of the interposition vein cuff. Br J Surg. 1986;73(10):823-5. http://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.1800731021. PMid:3768656.

229 Fisher RK, How TV, Carpenter T, Brennan JA, Harris PL. Optimising miller cuff dimensions: the influence of geometry on anastomotic flow patterns. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2001;21(3):251-60. http://doi.org/10.1053/ejvs.2000.1273. PMid:11352685.

230 Khalil AA, Boyd A, Griffiths G. Interposition vein cuff for infragenicular prosthetic bypass graft. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;2012(9):CD007921. http://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007921.pub2. PMid:22972115.

231 Kissin M, Kansal N, Pappas PJ, DeFouw DO, Durán WN, Hobson RW 2nd. Vein interposition cuffs decrease the intimal hyperplastic response of polyte- trafluoroethylene bypass grafts. J Vasc Surg. 2000;31(1 Pt 1):69-83. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0741-5214(00)70069-3. PMid:10642710.

232 Nash TM, Elahwal M, Edwards M. Adaptation of the vein cuff in distal arterial anastomosis (Brighton Sock). Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2021;103(7):537-8. http://doi.org/10.1308/rcsann.2021.0010. PMid:34192499.

233 Aracil-Sanus E, Mendieta-Azcona C, Cuesta-Gimeno C, Chinchilla-Molina A. Infragenicular bypass graft for limb salvage using polytetra- fluoroethylene and distal vein cuff as the first alternative in patients without ipsilateral greater saphenous vein. Ann Vasc Surg. 2005;19(3):379-85. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10016-004-0130-6. PMid:15864479.

234 Ducasse E, Fleurisse L, Vernier G, et al. Interposition vein cuff and intimal hyperplasia: an experimental study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2004;27(6):617-21. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2004.03.002. PMid:15121112.

235 Panneton JM, Hollier LH, Hofer JM. Multicenter rand- omized prospective trial comparing a pre-cuffed polytetra- fluoroethylene graft to a vein cuffed polytetrafluoroethylene graft for infragenicular arterial bypass. Ann Vasc Surg. 2004;18(2):199-206. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10016-004-0012-y. PMid:15253256.

236 Wijesinghe LD, Beardsmore DM, Scott DJA. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) femorodistal grafts with a dis- tal vein cuff for critical ischaemia. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 1998;15(5):449-53. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1078-5884(98)80209-8. PMid:9633503.

237 McPhee JT, Goodney PP, Schanzer A, Shaykevich S, Belkin M, Menard MT. Distal anastomotic vein adjunct usage in infrainguinal prosthetic bypasses. J Vasc Surg. 2013;57(4):982-9. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2012.10.098. PMid:23375606.

238 Dalio MB, Gomes KEB, Bohatch MS Jr, Joviliano EE. Tapered reinforced graft and vein cuff in the distal anastomosis as adjunct strategies for infrapopliteal prosthetic bypass graft in chronic limb-threatening ischemia: a case report. SAGE Open Med Case Rep. 2023;11:X231204575. http://doi.org/10.1177/2050313X231204575. PMid:37829350.

239 Ambler GK, Twine CP. Graft type for femoro-popliteal bypass surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;2(2):CD001487. http://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001487.pub3. PMid:29429146.

240 Klinkert P, Post PN, Breslau PJ, van Bockel JH. Saphenous vein versus PTFE for above-knee femoropopliteal bypass: a review of the literature. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2004;27(4):357-62. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2003.12.027. PMid:15015183.

241 Dosluoglu HH, Cherr GS, Lall P, Harris LM, Dryjski ML. Stenting vs above knee polytetrafluoroethylene bypass for TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus-II C and D superficial femoral artery disease. J Vasc Surg. 2008;48(5):1166-74. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2008.06.006. PMid:18692357.

242 Bradbury AW, Adam DJ, Bell J, et al. Multicentre randomised controlled trial of the clinical and cost-effectiveness of a bypass-surgery-first versus a balloon-angioplasty-first revascularisation strategy for severe limb ischaemia due to infrainguinal disease. The Bypass versus Angioplasty in Severe Ischaemia of the Leg (BASIL) trial. Health Technol Assess. 2010;14(14):1-210. http://doi.org/10.33l10/hta14140. PMid:20307380.

243 Bauersachs R, Debus S, Nehler M, et al. A targeted literature review of the disease burden in patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease. Angiology. 2020;71(4):303-14. http://doi.org/10.1177/0003319719896477. PMid:31884807.


Submetido em:
29/03/2023

Aceito em:
04/12/2023

Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular (SBACV)"> Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular (SBACV)">
671ab380a9539578e9191232 jvb Articles
Links & Downloads

J Vasc Bras

Share this page
Page Sections