Jornal Vascular Brasileiro
https://jvascbras.org/article/doi/10.1590/1677-5449.202300871
Jornal Vascular Brasileiro
Diretriz

Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e de Cirurgia Vascular sobre o pé diabético 2023

Brazilian Society of Angiology and Vascular Surgery 2023 guidelines on the diabetic foot

Eliud Garcia Duarte Junior; Cicero Fidelis Lopes; Danilo Roberto Fadel Gaio; Jamil Victor de Oliveira Mariúba; Lorena de Oliveira Cerqueira; Marcos Antonio Bonacorso Manhanelli Filho; Tulio Pinho Navarro; Aldemar Araújo Castro; Walter Jr. Boim de Araujo; Hermelinda Pedrosa; Júnio Galli Filho; Nelson de Luccia; Clayton de Paula; Fernando Reis Neto; Milton Sérgio Bohatch Júnior; Tércio Ferreira de Oliveira; Amanda Fernandes Vidal da Silva; Júlio Cesar Peclat de Oliveira; Edwaldo Édner Joviliano

Downloads: 25
Views: 959

Resumo

O pé diabético corresponde a uma interação entre fatores anatômicos, vasculares e neurológicos que representam um desafio na prática clínica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi compilar as principais evidências científicas com base em uma revisão das principais diretrizes, além de artigos publicados nas plataformas Embase, Lilacs e PubMed. O sistema da Sociedade Européia de Cardiologia foi utilizado para desenvolver classes de recomendação e níveis de evidência. Os temas foram divididos em seis capítulos (Capítulo 1-Prevenção de úlceras nos pés de pessoas com diabetes; Capítulo 2-Alívio da pressão de úlceras nos pés de pessoas com diabetes; Capítulo 3-Classificações das úlceras do pé diabético; Capítulo 4-Pé diabético e a doença arterial periférica; Capítulo 5-Infecção e o pé diabético; Capítulo 6-Neuroartropatia de Charcot). A versão atual das Diretrizes sobre pé diabético apresenta importantes recomendações para prevenção, diagnóstico, tratamento e seguimento dos pacientes com pé diabético, oferecendo um guia objetivo para prática médica.

Palavras-chave

pé diabético; úlcera do pé; diabetes mellitus

Abstract

The diabetic foot interacts with anatomical, vascular, and neurological factors that challenge clinical practice. This study aimed to compile the primary scientific evidence based on a review of the main guidelines, in addition to articles published on the Embase, Lilacs, and PubMed platforms. The European Society of Cardiology system was used to develop recommendation classes and levels of evidence. The themes were divided into six chapters (Chapter 1 - Prevention of foot ulcers in people with diabetes; Chapter 2 - Pressure relief from foot ulcers in people with diabetes; Chapter 3 -Classifications of diabetic foot ulcers; Chapter 4 - Foot and peripheral artery disease; Chapter 5 - Infection and the diabetic foot; Chapter 6 - Charcot’s neuroarthropathy). This version of the Diabetic Foot Guidelines presents essential recommendations for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of patients with diabetic foot, offering an objective guide for medical practice.

Keywords

 diabetic foot; foot ulcer; diabetes mellitus

Referências

1 Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM. Diretrizes AMB/CFM. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2002;48(4):275-96. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-42302002000400027.

2 Migowski A, Stein AT, Santos MS, Fernandes MM, Ferreira DM, Ferreira CB. Diretrizes metodológicas: elaboração de diretrizes clínicas. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2016.

3 Zheng Y, Ley S, Hu F. Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2018;14(2):88-98. http://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2017.151. PMid:29219149.

4 Armstrong DG, Boulton AJM, Bus SA. Diabetic foot ulcers and their recurrence. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(24):2367-75. http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1615439. PMid:28614678.

5 Stern JR, Wong CK, Yerovinkina M, et al. A meta-analysis of long-term mortality and associated risk factors following lower extremity amputation. Ann Vasc Surg. 2017;42:322-7. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2016.12.015. PMid:28389295.

6 Walsh JW, Hoffstad OJ, Sullivan MO, Margolis DJ. Association of diabetic foot ulcer and death in a population-based cohort from the United Kingdom. Diabet Med. 2016;33(11):1493-8. http://doi.org/10.1111/dme.13054. PMid:26666583.

7 Prompers L, Schaper N, Apelqvist J, et al. Prediction of outcome in individuals with diabetic foot ulcers: focus on the differences between individuals with and without peripheral arterial disease. The EURODIALE study. Diabetologia. 2008;51(5):747-55. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-008-0940-0. PMid:18297261.

8 Mesquita LO, Aquino EC, Gouvea ECD, Oliveira PPV, França GVA. Mortalidade por diabetes mellitus no Brasil, 2010 a 2021. Boletim Epidemiológico. 2022;53(45):17-25.

9 Santos AAA, Gomes AFL, Silva FSS, et al. Tendência temporal das complicações do pé diabético e da cobertura da Atenção Primária à Saúde nas capitais brasileiras, 2008-2018. Rev Bras Med Fam Comunidade. 2022;17(44):3420. http://doi.org/10.5712/rbmfc17(44)3420.

10 Parisi MC, Moura A No, Menezes FH, et al. Baseline characteristics and risk factors for ulcer, amputation and severe neuropathy in diabetic foot at risk: the BRAZUPA study. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2016;8:25. http://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-016-0126-8. PMid:26989446.

11 Hingorani A, LaMuraglia GM, Henke P, et al. The management of diabetic foot: a clinical practice guideline by the Society for Vascular Surgery in collaboration with the American Podiatric Medical Association and the Society for Vascular Medicine. J Vasc Surg. 2016;63(2, Suppl):3S-21S. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2015.10.003. PMid:26804367.

12 Botros M, Kuhnke J, Embil J, et al. Best practice recommendations for the prevention and management of diabetic foot ulcers. In: Canadian Association of Wound Care, editor. Foundations of best practice for skin and wound management: a supplement of Wound Care Canada. North York, ON: Wounds Canada; 2017. 68 p.

13 Schaper NC, van Netten JJ, Apelqvist J, Bus SA, Hinchliffe RJ, Lipsky BA. Practical Guidelines on the prevention and management of diabetic foot disease (IWGDF 2019 update). Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020;36(Suppl 1):e3266. http://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3266. PMid:32176447.

14 Conte MS, Bradbury AW, Kolh P, et al. Global vascular guidelines on the management of chronic limb-threatening ischemia. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2019;58(1S):S1-S109.e33. PMid:31182334.

15 Chuter V, Quigley F, Tosenovsky P, et al. Australian guideline on diagnosis and management of peripheral artery disease: part of the 2021 Australian evidence-based guidelines for diabetes-related foot disease. J Foot Ankle Res. 2022;15(1):51. http://doi.org/10.1186/s13047-022-00550-7. PMid:35787293.

16 European Society of Cardiology. Recommendations for guidelines production [Internet]. 2023 [citado 2023 dez 1]. https://www.escardio.org/static-file/Escardio/Guidelines/Documents/ESC%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidelines%20-%20Policies%20and%20Procedures-updated.pdf

17 Fosse S, Hartemann-Heurtier A, Jacqueminet S, Ha Van G, Grimaldi A, Fagot-Campagna A. Incidence and characteristics of lower limb amputations in people with diabetes. Diabet Med. 2009;26(4):391-6. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02698.x. PMid:19388969.

18 Ikonen TS, Sund R, Venermo M, Winell K. Fewer major amputations among individuals with diabetes in Finland in 1997-2007: a population-based study. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(12):2598-603. http://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-0462. PMid:20807872.

19 Armstrong DG, Boulton AJM, Bus SA. Diabetic foot ulcers and their recurrence. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(24):2367-75. http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1615439. PMid:28614678.

20 Bus SA, Armstrong DG, Gooday C, et al. Guidelines on offloading foot ulcers in persons with diabetes (IWGDF 2019 update). Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020;36(1, Suppl 1):e3274. http://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3274. PMid:32176441.

21 Mens MA, Busch-Westbroek TE, Bus SA, et al. The efficacy of flexor tenotomy to prevent recurrent diabetic foot ulcers (DIAFLEX trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Contemp Clin Trials Commun. 2023;33:101107. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.conctc.2023.101107. PMid:36950303.

22 Bus SA, Lavery LA, Monteiro-Soares M, et al. Guidelines on the prevention of foot ulcers in persons with diabetes (IWGDF 2019 update). Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020;36(1, Suppl 1):e3269. http://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3269. PMid:32176451.

23 Crawford F, Cezard G, Chappell FM, et al. A systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis of prognostic factors for foot ulceration in people with diabetes: the international research collaboration for the prediction of diabetic foot ulcerations (PODUS). Health Technol Assess. 2015;19(57):1-210. http://doi.org/10.3310/hta19570. PMid:26211920.

24 Mishra SC, Chhatbar KC, Kashikar A, Mehndiratta A. Diabetic foot. BMJ. 2017;359:j5064. http://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j5064. PMid:29146579.

25 Feldman EL, Callaghan BC, Pop-Busui R, et al. Diabetic Neuropathy. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019;5(1):41. http://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0092-1. PMid:31197153.

26 Adiewere P, Gillis RB, Imran Jiwani S, Meal A, Shaw I, Adams GG. A systematic review and meta-analysis of patient education in preventing and reducing the incidence or recurrence of adult diabetes foot ulcers (DFU). Heliyon. 2018;4(5):e00614. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00614. PMid:29872752.

27 Skafjeld A, Iversen MM, Holme I, Ribu L, Hvaal K, Kilhovd BK. A pilot study testing the feasibility of skin temperature monitoring to reduce recurrent foot ulcers in patients with diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Endocr Disord. 2015;15:55. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-015-0054-x. PMid:26452544.

28 Wijlens AM, Holloway S, Bus SA, van Netten JJ. An explorative study on the validity of various definitions of a 2·2 °C temperature threshold as warning signal for impending diabetic foot ulceration. Int Wound J. 2017;14(6):1346-51. http://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.12811. PMid:28990362.

29 van Netten JJ, Prijs M, van Baal JG, Liu C, van der Heijden F, Bus SA. Diagnostic values for skin temperature assessment to detect diabetes-related foot complications. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2014;16(11):714-21. http://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2014.0052. PMid:25098361.

30 Waaijman R, de Haart M, Arts ML, et al. Risk factors for plantar foot ulcer recurrence in neuropathic diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(6):1697-705. http://doi.org/10.2337/dc13-2470. PMid:24705610.

31 Young MJ, Cavanagh PR, Thomas G, Johnson MM, Murray H, Boulton AJ. The effect of callus removal on dynamic plantar foot pressures in diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 1992;9(1):55-7. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.1992.tb01714.x. PMid:1551311.

32 Pitei DL, Foster A, Edmonds M. The effect of regular callus removal on foot pressures. J Foot Ankle Surg. 1999;38(4):251-5. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1067-2516(99)80066-0. PMid:10464719.

33 Rasmussen A, Bjerre-Christensen U, Almdal TP, Holstein P. Percutaneous flexor tenotomy for preventing and treating toe ulcers in people with diabetes mellitus. J Tissue Viability. 2013;22(3):68-73. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtv.2013.04.001. PMid:23809991.

34 van Netten JJ, Bril A, van Baal JG. The effect of flexor tenotomy on healing and prevention of neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers on the distal end of the toe. J Foot Ankle Res. 2013;6(1):3. http://doi.org/10.1186/1757-1146-6-3. PMid:23347589.

35 Rizzo L, Tedeschi A, Fallani E, et al. Custom-made orthesis and shoes in a structured follow-up program reduces the incidence of neuropathic ulcers in high-risk diabetic foot patients. Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2012;11(1):59-64. http://doi.org/10.1177/1534734612438729. PMid:22336901.

36 Lavery LA, LaFontaine J, Higgins KR, Lanctot DR, Constantinides G. Shear-reducing insoles to prevent foot ulceration in high-risk diabetic patients. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2012;25(11):519-24. http://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASW.0000422625.17407.93. PMid:23080240.

37 Scirè V, Leporati E, Teobaldi I, Nobili LA, Rizzo L, Piaggesi A. Effectiveness and safety of using Podikon digital silicone padding in the primary prevention of neuropathic lesions in the forefoot of diabetic patients. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2009;99(1):28-34. http://doi.org/10.7547/0980028. PMid:19141719.

38 Bus SA, Waaijman R, Arts M, et al. Effect of custom-made footwear on foot ulcer recurrence in diabetes: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(12):4109-16. http://doi.org/10.2337/dc13-0996. PMid:24130357.

39 Ulbrecht JS, Hurley T, Mauger DT, Cavanagh PR. Prevention of recurrent foot ulcers with plantar pressure- based in- shoe orthoses: the CareFUL prevention multicenter randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(7):1982-9. http://doi.org/10.2337/dc13-2956. PMid:24760263.

40 Mueller MJ, Sinacore DR, Hastings MK, Strube MJ, Johnson JE. Effect of Achilles tendon lengthening on neuropathic plantar ulcers: a randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85(8):1436-45. http://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-200308000-00003. PMid:12925622.

41 Armstrong DG, Rosales MA, Gashi A. Efficacy of fifth metatarsal head resection for treatment of chronic diabetic foot ulceration. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2005;95(4):353-6. http://doi.org/10.7547/0950353. PMid:16037550.

42 Faglia E, Clerici G, Caminiti M, Curci V, Somalvico F. Feasibility and effectiveness of internal pedal amputation of phalanx or metatarsal head in diabetic patients with forefoot osteomyelitis. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2012;51(5):593-8. http://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2012.05.015. PMid:22789486.

43 Melai T, Schaper NC, Ijzerman TH, et al. Lower leg muscle strengthening does not redistribute plantar load in diabetic polyneuropathy: a randomised controlled trial. J Foot Ankle Res. 2013;6(1):41. http://doi.org/10.1186/1757-1146-6-41. PMid:24138784.

44 De León Rodriguez D, Allet L, Golay A, et al. Biofeedback can reduce foot pressure to a safe level and without causing new at-risk zones in patients with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2013;29(2):139-44. http://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.2366. PMid:23081857.

45 Iunes DH, Rocha CB, Borges NC, Marcon CO, Pereira VM, Carvalho LC. Self-care associated with home exercises in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. PLoS One. 2014;9(12):e114151. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0114151. PMid:25479542.

46 Fayed EE, Badr NM, Mahmoud S, Hakim SA. Exercise therapy improves plantar pressure distribution in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Int J Pharm Tech Res. 2016;9(5):151-9.

47 Mueller MJ, Tuttle LJ, Lemaster JW, et al. Weight-bearing versus nonweight-bearing exercise for persons with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;94(5):829-38. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2012.12.015. PMid:23276801.

48 Kooiman TJM, de Groot M, Hoogenberg K, Krijnen WP, van der Schans CP, Kooy A. Self-tracking of physical activity in people with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Comput Inform Nurs. 2018;36(7):340-9. http://doi.org/10.1097/CIN.0000000000000443. PMid:29742550.

49 Bus SA, van Deursen RW, Armstrong DG, Lewis JE, Caravaggi CF, Cavanagh PR. Footwear and offloading interventions to prevent and heal foot ulcers and reduce plantar pressure in patients with diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2016;32(Suppl 1):99-118. http://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.2702. PMid:26342178.

50 Elraiyah T, Prutsky G, Domecq JP, et al. A systematic review and metaanalysis of off-loading methods for diabetic foot ulcers. J Vasc Surg. 2016;63(2, Suppl):59S-68S.e1-2. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2015.10.006. PMid:26804369.

51 Oliveira AL, Moore Z. Treatment of the diabetic foot by offloading: a systematic review. J Wound Care. 2015;24(12):560-70. http://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2015.24.12.560. PMid:26654736.

52 Blume PA, Paragas LK, Sumpio BE, Attinger CE. Single-stage surgical treatment of noninfected diabetic foot ulcers. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002;109(2):601-9. http://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-200202000-00029. PMid:11818842.

53 Sayner LR, Rosenblum BI, Giurini JM. Elective surgery of the diabetic foot. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2003;20(4):783-92. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-8422(03)00073-9. PMid:14636038.

54 Bus SA, van Netten JJ, Kottink AIR, et al. The efficacy of removable devices to offload and heal neuropathic plantar forefoot ulcers in people with diabetes: a single-blinded multicentre randomised controlled trial. Int Wound J. 2018;15(1):65-74. http://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.12835. PMid:29057609.

55 Health Quality Ontario. Fibreglass total contact casting, removable cast walkers, and irremovable cast walkers to treat diabetic neuropathic foot ulcers: a health technology assessment. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2017;17(12):1-124. PMid:28989556.

56 Elraiyah T, Prutsky G, Domecq JP, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of off- loading methods for diabetic foot ulcers. J Vasc Surg. 2016;63(2, Suppl):59S-68S.e1-2. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2015.10.006. PMid:26804369.

57 Lewis J, Lipp A. Pressure-relieving interventions for treating diabetic foot ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(1):CD002302. http://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002302.pub2. PMid:23440787.

58 Morona JK, Buckley ES, Jones S, Reddin EA, Merlin TL. Comparison of the clinical effectiveness of different off- loading devices for the treatment of neuropathic foot ulcers in patients with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2013;29(3):183-93. http://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.2386. PMid:23303652.

59 Elraiyah T, Prutsky G, Domecq JP, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of off-loading methods for diabetic foot ulcers. J Vasc Surg. 2016;63(2, Suppl):59S-68S.e1-2. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2015.10.006. PMid:26804369.

60 Armstrong DG, Nguyen HC, Lavery LA, van Schie CHM, Boulton AJM, Harkless LB. Off-loading the diabetic foot wound: a randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(6):1019-22. http://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.24.6.1019. PMid:11375363.

61 Lavery LA, Higgins KR, La Fontaine J, Zamorano RG, Constantinides GP, Kim PJ. Randomised clinical trial to compare total contact casts, healing sandals and a shear-reducing removable boot to heal diabetic foot ulcers. Int Wound J. 2015;12(6):710-5. http://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.12213. PMid:24618113.

62 Dumont I, Tsirtsikolou D, Lepage M, et al. The Ransart boot: an offloading device for every type of diabetic foot ulcer? EWMA J. 2010;10(2):46-50.

63 Dumont IJ, Lepeut MS, Tsirtsikolou DM, et al. A proof-of-concept study of the effectiveness of a removable device for offloading in patients with neuropathic ulceration of the foot: the Ransart boot. Diabet Med. 2009;26(8):778-82. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02772.x. PMid:19709147.

64 Birke JA, Pavich MA, Patout CA Jr, Horswell R. Comparison of forefoot ulcer healing using alternative off-loading methods in patients with diabetes mellitus. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2002;15(5):210-5. http://doi.org/10.1097/00129334-200209000-00006. PMid:12368710.

65 Chantelau E, Breuer U, Leisch AC, Tanudjaja T, Reuter M. Outpatient treatment of unilateral diabetic foot ulcers with ‘half shoes’. Diabet Med. 1993;10(3):267-70. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.1993.tb00056.x. PMid:8485960.

66 Hissink RJ, Manning HA, van Baal JG. The MABAL shoe, an alternative method in contact casting for the treatment of neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers. Foot Ankle Int. 2000;21(4):320-3. http://doi.org/10.1177/107110070002100408. PMid:10808972.

67 Elraiyah T, Prutsky G, Domecq JP, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of off-loading methods for diabetic foot ulcers. J Vasc Surg. 2016;63(2, Suppl):59S, e1-2. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2015.10.006. PMid:26804369.

68 Morona JK, Buckley ES, Jones S, Reddin EA, Merlin TL. Comparison of the clinical effectiveness of different off- loading devices for the treatment of neuropathic foot ulcers in patients with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2013;29(3):183-93. http://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.2386. PMid:23303652.

69 Birke JA, Pavich MA, Patout CA Jr, Horswell R. Comparison of forefoot ulcer healing using alternative off-loading methods in patients with diabetes mellitus. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2002;15(5):210-5. http://doi.org/10.1097/00129334-200209000-00006. PMid:12368710.

70 Nubé VL, Molyneaux L, Bolton T, Clingan T, Palmer E, Yue DK. The use of felt deflective padding in the management of plantar hallux and forefoot ulcers in patients with diabetes. Foot. 2006;16(1):38-43. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.foot.2005.11.005.

71 Zimny S, Schatz H, Pfohl U. The effects of applied felted foam on wound healing and healing times in the therapy of neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers. Diabet Med. 2003;20(8):622-5. http://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-5491.2003.01011.x. PMid:12873288.

72 Nabuurs-Franssen MH, Huijberts MS, Sleegers R, Schaper NC. Casting of recurrent diabetic foot ulcers: effective and safe? Diabetes Care. 2005;28(6):1493-4. http://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.28.6.1493. PMid:15920076.

73 Nabuurs-Franssen MH, Sleegers R, Huijberts MS, et al. Total contact casting of the diabetic foot in daily practice: a prospective follow-up study. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(2):243-7. http://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.28.2.243. PMid:15677773.

74 Jeffcoate W, Game F, Turtle-Savage V, et al. Evaluation of the effectiveness and cost- effectiveness of lightweight fibreglass heel casts in the management of ulcers of the heel in diabetes: a randomised controlled trial. Health Technol Assess. 2017;21(34):1-92. http://doi.org/10.3310/hta21340. PMid:28644115.

75 Ganguly S, Chakraborty K, Mandal PK, et al. A comparative study between total contact casting and conventional dressings in the non-surgical management of diabetic plantar foot ulcers. J Indian Med Assoc. 2008;106(4):237-9, 244. PMid:18828342.

76 Monteiro-Soares M, Boyko EJ, Jeffcoate W, et al. Diabetic foot ulcer classifications: a critical review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020;36(1, Suppl 1):e3272. http://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3272. PMid:32176449.

77 Game F. Classification of diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2016;32(1, Suppl 1):186-94. http://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.2746. PMid:26455509.

78 Monteiro-Soares M, Martins-Mendes D, Vaz-Carneiro A, Dinis-Ribeiro M. Lower-limb amputation following foot ulcers in patients with diabetes: classification systems, external validation and comparative analysis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2015;31(5):515-29. http://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.2634. PMid:25529456.

79 Forsythe RO, Ozdemir BA, Chemla ES, Jones KG, Hinchliffe RJ. Interobserver reliability of three validated scoring systems in the assessment of diabetic foot ulcers. Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2016;15(3):213-9. http://doi.org/10.1177/1534734616654567. PMid:27358037.

80 Jeon BJ, Choi HJ, Kang JS, Tak MS, Park ES. Comparison of five systems of classification of diabetic foot ulcers and predictive factors for amputation. Int Wound J. 2017;14(3):537-45. http://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.12642. PMid:27723246.

81 Mills JL Sr, Conte MS, Armstrong DG, et al. The Society for Vascular Surgery lower extremity threatened limb classification system: risk stratification based on wound, ischemia, and foot infection (WIfI). J Vasc Surg. 2014;59(1):220- 34.e1-2. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2013.08.003. PMid:24126108.

82 Mathioudakis N, Hicks CW, Canner JK, et al. The Society for Vascular Surgery Wound, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI) classification system predicts wound healing but not major amputation in patients with diabetic foot ulcers treated in a multidisciplinary setting. J Vasc Surg. 2017;65(6):1698-705.e1. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2016.12.123. PMid:28274750.

83 Hicks CW, Canner JK, Karagozlu H, et al. The Society for Vascular Surgery Wound, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI) classification system correlates with cost of care for diabetic foot ulcers treated in a multidisciplinary setting. J Vasc Surg. 2018;67(5):1455-62. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2017.08.090. PMid:29248237.

84 Hicks CW, Canner JK, Mathioudakis N, et al. The Society for Vascular Surgery Wound, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI) classification independently predicts wound healing in diabetic foot ulcers. J Vasc Surg. 2018;68(4):1096-103. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2017.12.079. PMid:29622357.

85 Tokuda T, Hirano K, Sakamoto Y, et al. Use of the wound, ischemia, foot infection classification system in hemodialysis patients after endovascular treatment for critical limb ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 2018;67(6):1762-8. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2017.09.037. PMid:29224944.

86 Peters EJ, Lavery LA. Effectiveness of the diabetic foot risk classification system of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(8):1442-7. http://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.24.8.1442. PMid:11473084.

87 van Acker K. The choice of diabetic foot ulcer classification in relation to the final outcome. Wounds. 2002;14:16-25.

88 Bravo-Molina A, Linares-Palomino JP, Vera-Arroyo B, Salmerón-Febres LM, Ros-Díe E. Inter-observer agreement of the Wagner, University of Texas and PEDIS classification systems for the diabetic foot syndrome. Foot Ankle Surg. 2018;24(1):60-4. PMid:29413776.

89 Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Harkless LB. Classification of diabetic foot wounds. J Foot Ankle Surg. 1996;35(6):528-31. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1067-2516(96)80125-6. PMid:8986890.

90 Ince P, Abbas ZG, Lutale JK, et al. Use of the SINBAD classification system and score in comparing outcome of foot ulcer management on three continents. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(5):964-7. http://doi.org/10.2337/dc07-2367. PMid:18299441.

91 Monteiro-Soares M, Boyko EJ, Jeffcoate W, Mills JL, Russell D, Game F. Diabetic foot ulcer classifications: a critical review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020;36(Suppl 1):e3272. PMid:32176449.

92 Robinson WP, Loretz L, Hanesian C, et al. Society for Vascular Surgery Wound, Ischemia, foot Infection (WIfI) score correlates with the intensity of multimodal limb treatment and patient- centered outcomes in patients with threatened limbs managed in a limb preservation center. J Vasc Surg. 2017;66(2):488-98.e2. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2017.01.063. PMid:28410924.

93 Schönborn M, Łączak P, Pasieka P, Borys S, Płotek A, Maga P. Pro- and anti-angiogenic factors: their relevance in diabetic foot syndrome: a review. Angiology. 2022;73(4):299-311. http://doi.org/10.1177/00033197211042684. PMid:34541892.

94 Ostchega Y, Paulose-Ram R, Dillon CF, Gu Q, Hughes JP. Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and risk factors in persons aged 60 and older: data from the National Health and nutrition examination survey 1999-2004. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55(4):583-9. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01123.x. PMid:17397438.

95 Stoberock K, Kaschwich M, Nicolay SS, et al. The interrelationship between diabetes mellitus and peripheral arterial disease. Vasa. 2021;50(5):323-30. http://doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000925. PMid:33175668.

96 Aboyans V, Björck M, Brodmann M, et al. Questions and answers on diagnosis and management of patients with Peripheral Arterial Diseases: a companion document of the 2017 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases, in collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS): Endorsed by: the European Stroke Organisation (ESO)The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS). Eur Heart J. 2018;39(9):e35-41. http://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx499. PMid:29088383.

97 Forsythe RO, Apelqvist J, Boyko EJ, et al. Effectiveness of bedside investigations to diagnose peripheral artery disease among people with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020;36(1, Suppl 1):e3277. http://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3277. PMid:32176448.

98 Soyoye DO, Abiodun OO, Ikem RT, Kolawole BA, Akintomide AO. Diabetes and peripheral artery disease: a review. World J Diabetes. 2021;12(6):827-38. http://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v12.i6.827. PMid:34168731.

99 Gazzaruso C, Montalcini T, Gallotti P, et al. Impact of microvascular complications on the outcomes of diabetic foot in type 2 diabetic patients with documented peripheral artery disease. Endocrine. 2023;80(1):71-8. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-022-03291-6. PMid:36565405.

100 Jeong D, Lee JH, Lee GB, et al. Application of extracorporeal shockwave therapy to improve microcirculation in diabetic foot ulcers: a prospective study. Medicine. 2023;102(11):e33310. http://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000033310. PMid:36930075.

101 Forsythe RO, Apelqvist J, Boyko EJ, et al. Effectiveness of revascularisation of the ulcerated foot in patients with diabetes and peripheral artery disease: a systematic review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020;36(1, Suppl 1):e3279. http://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3279. PMid:32176439.

102 Azhar A, Basheer M, Abdelgawad MS, Roshdi H, Kamel MF. Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in diabetic foot ulcer patients and its impact in limb salvage. Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2023;22(3):518-23. PMid:34142882.

103 Spiliopoulos S, Festas G, Paraskevopoulos I, Mariappan M, Brountzos E. Overcoming ischemia in the diabetic foot: minimally invasive treatment options. World J Diabetes. 2021;12(12):2011-26. http://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v12.i12.2011. PMid:35047116.

104 Meloni M, Morosetti D, Giurato L, et al. Foot revascularization avoids major amputation in persons with diabetes and ischaemic foot ulcers. J Clin Med. 2021;10(17):3977. http://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10173977. PMid:34501432.

105 Behroozian A, Beckman JA. Microvascular disease increases amputation in patients with peripheral artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2020;40(3):534-40. http://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.119.312859. PMid:32075418.

106 Ferreira RC. Diabetic foot. Part 1: ulcers and infections. Rev Bras Ortop. 2020;55(4):389-96. PMid:32968329.

107 Alavi A, Sibbald RG, Nabavizadeh R, Valaei F, Coutts P, Mayer D. Audible handheld Doppler ultrasound determines reliable and inexpensive exclusion of significant peripheral arterial disease. Vascular. 2015;23(6):622-9. http://doi.org/10.1177/1708538114568703. PMid:25628222.

108 Lv Y, Yang Z, Xiang L, et al. Lower limb arterial ischemia: an independent risk factor of sudomotor dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2023;16:883-91. http://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S402797. PMid:37012930.

109 Faglia E, Clerici G, Caminiti M, Quarantiello A, Curci V, Somalvico F. Evaluation of feasibility of ankle pressure and foot oxymetry values for the detection of critical limb ischemia in diabetic patients. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2010;44(3):184-9. http://doi.org/10.1177/1538574409359430. PMid:20181612.

110 Vriens B, D’Abate F, Ozdemir BA, et al. Clinical examination and non- invasive screening tests in the diagnosis of peripheral artery disease in people with diabetes-related foot ulceration. Diabet Med. 2018;35(7):895-902. http://doi.org/10.1111/dme.13634. PMid:29633431.

111 Met R, Bipat S, Legemate DA, Reekers JA, Koelemay MJ. Diagnostic performance of computed tomography angi- ography in peripheral arterial disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2009;301(4):415-24. http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.301.4.415. PMid:19176443.

112 Zou J, Zhang W, Chen X, Su W, Yu D. Data mining reveal the association between diabetic foot ulcer and peripheral artery disease. Front Public Health. 2022;10:963426. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.963426. PMid:36062083.

113 Faglia E, Clerici G, Clerissi J, et al. When is a technically successful peripheral angioplasty effective in preventing above-the-ankle amputation in diabetic patients with critical limb ischaemia? Diabet Med. 2007;24(8):823-9. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02167.x. PMid:17559430.

114 Noronen K, Saarinen E, Alback A, Venermo M. Analysis of the elective treatment process for critical limb lschaemia with tissue loss: diabetic patients require rapid revascularisation. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2017;53(2):206-13. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2016.10.023. PMid:27889202.

115 Hinchliffe RJ, Brownrigg JR, Andros G, et al. Effectiveness of revascularization of the ulcerated foot in patients with diabetes and peripheral artery disease: a systematic review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2016;32(1, Suppl 1):136-44. http://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.2705. PMid:26342204.

116 Adam DJ, Beard JD, Cleveland T, et al. Bypass versus angioplasty in severe ischaemia of the leg (BASIL): multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366(9501):1925-34. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67704-5. PMid:16325694.

117 Conte MS. Bypass versus Angioplasty in Severe Ischaemia of the Leg (BASIL) and the (hoped for) dawn of evidence-based treatment for advanced limb ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 2010;51(5, Suppl):69S-75S. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2010.02.001. PMid:20435263.

118 Taylor GI, Palmer JH. The vascular territories (angiosomes) of the body: experimental study and clinical applications. Br J Plast Surg. 1987;40(2):113-41. http://doi.org/10.1016/0007-1226(87)90185-8. PMid:3567445.

119 Alexandrescu V, Sinatra T, Maufroy C. Current issues and interrogations in angiosome wound targeted revascularization for chronic limb threatening ischemia: a review. World J Cardiovasc Dis. 2019;9(3):168-92. http://doi.org/10.4236/wjcd.2019.93016.

120 Young MJ, McCardle JE, Randall LE, Barclay JI. Improved survival of diabetic foot ulcer patients 1995-2008: possible impact of aggressive cardiovascular risk management. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(11):2143-7. http://doi.org/10.2337/dc08-1242. PMid:18697900.

121 CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet. 1996;348(9038):1329-39. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)09457-3. PMid:8918275.

122 Hiatt WR, Fowkes FG, Heizer G, et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in symptom- atic peripheral artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(1):32-40. http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1611688. PMid:27959717.

123 Anand SS, Hiatt W, Dyal L, et al. Low-dose rivaroxaban and aspirin among patients with peripheral artery disease: a meta-analysis of the COMPASS and VOYAGER trials. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2022;29(5):e181-9. http://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwab128. PMid:34463737.

124 Hingorani A, LaMuraglia GM, Henke P, et al. The management of diabetic foot: a clinical practice guideline by the Society for Vascular Surgery in collaboration with the American Podiatric Medical Association and the Society for Vascular Medicine. J Vasc Surg. 2016;63(2, Suppl):3S-21S. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2015.10.003. PMid:26804367.

125 Hart T, Milner R, Cifu A. Management of a diabetic foot. JAMA. 2017;318(14):1387-8. http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.11700. PMid:29049573.

126 Wukich DK, Shen W, Raspovic KM, Suder NC, Baril DT, Avgerinos E. Noninvasive arterial testing in patients with diabetes: a guide for foot and ankle surgeons. Foot Ankle Int. 2015;36(12):1391-9. http://doi.org/10.1177/1071100715593888. PMid:26194106.

127 Tehan PE, Barwick AL, Sebastian M, Chuter VH. Diagnostic accuracy of resting systolic toe pressure for diagnosis of peripheral artery disease in people with and without diabetes: a cross-sectional retrospective case-control study. J Foot Ankle Res. 2017;10(1):58. http://doi.org/10.1186/s13047-017-0236-z. PMid:29270232.

128 Barshes NR, Flores E, Belkin M, Kougias P, Armstrong DG, Mills JLS Sr. The accuracy and cost-effectiveness of strategies used to identify peripheral artery disease among patients with diabetic foot ulcers. J Vasc Surg. 2016;64(6):1682-90.e3. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2016.04.056. PMid:27575813.

129 Forsythe RO, Apelqvist J, Boyko EJ, et al. Performance of prognostic markers in the prediction of wound healing or amputation among patients with foot ulcers in diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020;36(Suppl 1):e3278. http://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3278. PMid:32176442.

130 Elgzyri T, Larsson J, Nyberg P, Thörne J, Eriksson K-F, Apelqvist J. Early revascularization after admittance to a diabetic foot center affects the healing probability of ischemic foot ulcer in patients with diabetes. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2014;48(4):440-6. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2014.06.041. PMid:25106090.

131 Sheehan P, Jones P, Caselli A, Giurini JM, Veves A. Percent change in wound area of diabetic foot ulcers over a 4- week period is a robust predictor of complete healing in a 12-week prospective trial. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(6):1879-82. http://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.6.1879. PMid:12766127.

132 Schaper NC, Andros G, Apelqvist J, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of peripheral artery disease in diabetic patients with a foot ulcer: a progress report of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2012;28(Suppl 1):218-24. http://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.2255. PMid:22271741.

133 Elgzyri T, Larsson J, Thörne J, Eriksson KF, Apelqvist J. Outcome of ischemic foot ulcer in diabetic patients who had no invasive vascular intervention. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2013;46(1):110-7. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2013.04.013. PMid:23642521.

134 Stimpson AL, Dilaver N, Bosanquet DC, Ambler GK, Twine CP. Angiosome specific revascularisation: does the evidence support it? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2019;57(2):311-7. PMid:30172663.

135 Jongsma H, Bekken JA, Akkersdijk GP, Hoeks SE, Verhagen HJ, Fioole B. Angiosome-directed revascularization in patients with critical limb ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 2017;65(4):1208-19.e1. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2016.10.100. PMid:28342514.

136 Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Murdoch DP, Peters EJG, Lipsky BA. Validation of the Infectious Diseases Society of America’s diabetic foot infection classification system. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44(4):562-5. http://doi.org/10.1086/511036. PMid:17243061.

137 Tan TW, Shih CD, Concha-Moore KC, et al. Disparities in outcomes of patients admitted with diabetic foot infections. PLoS One. 2019;14(2):e0211481. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211481. PMid:30716108.

138 Wukich DK, Johnson MJ, Raspovic KM. Limb salvage in severe diabetic foot infection. Foot Ankle Clin. 2022;27(3):655-70. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcl.2022.02.004. PMid:36096557.

139 Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Wunderlich RP, Mohler MJ, Wendel CS, Lipsky BA. Risk factors for foot infections in individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(6):1288-93. http://doi.org/10.2337/dc05-2425. PMid:16732010.

140 Hao D, Hu C, Zhang T, Feng G, Chai J, Li T. Contribution of infection and peripheral artery disease to severity of diabetic foot ulcers in Chinese patients. Int J Clin Pract. 2014;68(9):1161-4. http://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.12440. PMid:24750557.

141 Embil JM, Albalawi Z, Bowering K, Trepman E. Foot care. Can J Diabetes. 2018;42(Suppl 1):S222-7. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.10.020. PMid:29650101.

142 Abikhzer G, Le H, Israel O. Hybrid imaging of diabetic foot infections. Semin Nucl Med. 2023;53(1):86-97. http://doi.org/10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2022.08.003. PMid:36089528.

143 Dinh MT, Abad CL, Safdar N. Diagnostic accuracy of the physical exam- ination and imaging tests for osteomyelitis underlying diabetic foot ulcers: meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47(4):519-27. http://doi.org/10.1086/590011. PMid:18611152.

144 Lam K, Van Asten SAV, Nguyen T, La Fontaine J, Lavery LA. Diagnostic accuracy of probe to bone to detect osteomyelitis in the diabetic foot: a systematic review. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(7):944-8. http://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw445. PMid:27369321.

145 Senneville E, Morant H, Descamps D, et al. Needle puncture and transcutaneous bone biopsy cultures are inconsistent in patients with diabetes and suspected osteomyelitis of the foot. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(7):888-93. http://doi.org/10.1086/597263. PMid:19228109.

146 Dos Santos VP, Alves CAS, Queiroz AB, et al. Is there concordance between bone and tendon cultures in patients with foot tissue loss? J Vasc Bras. 2019;18:e20190063. PMid:31762776.

147 Al-Balas H, Metwalli ZA, Nagaraj A, Sada DM. Is fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous bone biopsy of diabetic foot with suspected osteomyelitis worthwhile? A retrospective study. J Diabetes. 2023;15(4):332-7. http://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.13377. PMid:36905125.

148 Senneville É, Lipsky BA, Abbas ZG, et al. Diagnosis of infection in the foot in diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020;36(Suppl 1):e3281. http://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3281. PMid:32176440.

149 Aragón-Sánchez J, Lipsky BA, Lázaro-Martínez JL. Diagnosing diabetic foot osteomyelitis: Is the combination of probe-to-bone test and plain radiography sufficient for high-risk inpatients? Diabet Med. 2011;28(2):191-4. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03150.x. PMid:21219428.

150 Lauri C, Tamminga M, Glaudemans A, et al. Detection of osteomyelitis in the diabetic foot by imaging techniques: a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing MRI, white blood cell scintigraphy, and FDG- PET. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(8):1111-20. http://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-0532. PMid:28733376.

151 Waibel FW, Schöni M, Kronberger L, et al. Treatment Failures in diabetic foot osteomyelitis associated with concomitant charcot arthropathy: the role of underlying arteriopathy. Int J Infect Dis. 2022;114:15-20. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2021.10.036. PMid:34715357.

152 Michelsson O, Tukiainen E. Minor forefoot amputations in patients with diabetic foot ulcers. Foot Ankle Clin. 2022;27(3):671-85. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcl.2022.05.003. PMid:36096558.

153 Nguyen S, Wallard P, Robineau O, et al. Conservative surgical treatment for metatarsal osteomyelitis in diabetic foot: experience of two French centres. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2022;38(5):e3534. http://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3534. PMid:35486542.

154 Truong DH, Bedimo R, Malone M, et al. Meta-analysis: outcomes of surgical and medical management of diabetic foot osteomyelitis. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022;9(9):c407. http://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofac407. PMid:36147596.

155 Tone A, Nguyen S, Devemy F, et al. Six-week versus twelve-week antibiotic therapy for nonsurgically treated diabetic foot osteomyelitis: a multicenter open-label controlled randomized study. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(2):302-7. http://doi.org/10.2337/dc14-1514. PMid:25414157.

156 Soldevila-Boixader L, Fernández AP, Laguna JM, Uçkay I. Local antibiotics in the treatment of diabetic foot infections: a narrative review. Antibiotics. 2023;12(1):124. http://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12010124. PMid:36671326.

157 Lafontaine N, Jolley J, Kyi M, et al. Prospective randomised placebo-controlled trial assessing the efficacy of silver dressings to enhance healing of acute diabetes-related foot ulcers. Diabetologia. 2023;66(4):768-76. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-022-05855-7. PMid:36629877.

158 Lipsky BA, Berendt AR, Deery HG, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39(7):885-910. http://doi.org/10.1086/424846. PMid:15472838.

159 Lipsky BA, Berendt AR, Embil J, de Lalla F. Diagnosing and treating diabetic foot infections. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2004;20(Suppl 1):S56-64. http://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.441. PMid:15150816.

160 Peters EJ, Lipsky BA. Diagnosis and management of infection in the diabetic foot. Med Clin North Am. 2013;97(5):911-46. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2013.04.005. PMid:23992901.

161 Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Wunderlich RP, Mohler MJ, Wendel CS, Lipsky BA. Risk factors for foot infections in individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(6):1288-93. http://doi.org/10.2337/dc05-2425. PMid:16732010.

162 Senneville E, Lipsky BA, Abbas ZG, et al. Diagnosis of infection in the foot in diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020;36(Suppl 1):e3281. http://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3281. PMid:32176440.

163 Zhan LX, Branco BC, Armstrong DG, Mills JL Sr. The Society for Vascular Surgery lower extremity threatened limb classification system based on Wound, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI) correlates with risk of major amputation and time to wound healing. J Vasc Surg. 2015;61(4):939-44. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2014.11.045. PMid:25656592.

164 Lavery LA, Peters EJ, Williams JR, Murdoch DP, Hudson A, Lavery DC. Reevaluating the way we classify the diabetic foot: restructuring the diabetic foot risk classification system of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(1):154-6. http://doi.org/10.2337/dc07-1302. PMid:17934155.

165 Uzun G, Solmazgul E, Curuksulu H, et al. Procalcitonin as a diagnostic aid in diabetic foot infections. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2007;213(4):305-12. http://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.213.305. PMid:18075234.

166 Park JH, Suh DH, Kim HJ, Lee YI, Kwak IH, Choi GW. Role of procalcitonin in infected diabetic foot ulcer. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2017;128:51-7. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2017.04.008. PMid:28448892.

167 Al-Shammaree SAW, Abu-ALkaseem BA, Salman IN. Procalcitonin levels and other biochemical parameters in patients with or without diabetic foot complications. J Res Med Sci. 2017;22(1):95. http://doi.org/10.4103/jrms.JRMS_906_16. PMid:28900451.

168 Korkmaz P, Koçak H, Onbaşı K, et al. The role of serum procalcitonin, interleukin-6, and fibrinogen levels in differential diagnosis of diabetic foot ulcer infection. J Diabetes Res. 2018;2018:7104352. http://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7104352. PMid:29675434.

169 Armstrong DG, Perales TA, Murff RT, Edelson GW, Welchon JG. Value of white blood cell count with differential in the acute diabetic foot infection. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1996;86(5):224-7. http://doi.org/10.7547/87507315-86-5-224. PMid:8776158.

170 Umapathy D, Dornadula S, Rajagopalan A, et al. Potential of circulatory procalcitonin as a biomarker reflecting inflammation among South Indian diabetic foot ulcers. J Vasc Surg. 2018;67(4):1283-91.e2. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2017.02.060. PMid:28736121.

171 Senneville E. Editorial commentary: probe-to-bone test for detecting diabetic foot osteomyelitis: rapid, safe, and accurate-but for which patients? Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(7):949-50. http://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw450. PMid:27369318.

172 Álvaro-Afonso FJ, Lazaro-Martinez JL, Aragon-Sanchez J, Garcia-Morales E, García-Álvarez Y, Molines-Barroso RJ. Inter-observer reproducibility of diagnosis of diabetic foot osteomyelitis based on a combination of probe-to-bone test and simple radiography. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014;105(1):e3-5. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2014.04.024. PMid:24857262.

173 Lam K, van Asten SA, Nguyen T, La Fontaine J, Lavery LA. Diagnostic accuracy of probe to bone to detect osteomyelitis in the diabetic foot: a systematic review. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(7):944-8. http://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw445. PMid:27369321.

174 van Asten SA, Jupiter DC, Mithani M, La Fontaine J, Davis KE, Lavery LA. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein to monitor treatment outcomes in diabetic foot osteomyelitis. Int Wound J. 2017;14(1):142-8. http://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.12574. PMid:26953894.

175 Ramanujam CL, Han D, Zgonis T. Medical imaging and laboratory analysis of diagnostic accuracy in 107 consecutive hospitalized patients with diabetic foot osteomyelitis and partial foot amputations. Foot Ankle Spec. 2018;11(5):433-43. http://doi.org/10.1177/1938640017750255. PMid:29291264.

176 Dinh MT, Abad CL, Safdar N. Diagnostic accuracy of the physical examination and imaging tests for osteomyelitis underlying diabetic foot ulcers: meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47(4):519-27. http://doi.org/10.1086/590011. PMid:18611152.

177 Cohen M, Cerniglia B, Gorbachova T, Horrow J. Added value of MRI to X-ray in guiding the extent of surgical resection in diabetic forefoot osteomyelitis: a review of pathologically proven, surgically treated cases. Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(3):405-11. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-018-3045-y. PMid:30136224.

178 Baker JC, Demertzis JL, Rhodes NG, Wessell DE, Rubin DA. Diabetic musculoskeletal complications and their imaging mimics. Radiographics. 2012;32(7):1959-74. http://doi.org/10.1148/rg.327125054. PMid:23150851.

179 Chatha DS, Cunningham PM, Schweitzer ME. MR imaging of the diabetic foot: diagnostic challenges. Radiol Clin North Am. 2005;43(4):747-59, ix. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcl.2005.02.008. PMid:15893535.

180 Weinstein D, Wang A, Chambers R, Stewart CA, Motz HA. Evaluation of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of osteomyelitis in diabetic foot infections. Foot Ankle. 1993;14(1):18-22. http://doi.org/10.1177/107110079301400104. PMid:8425726.

181 Senneville E, Melliez H, Beltrand E, et al. Culture of percutaneous bone biopsy specimens for diagnosis of diabetic foot osteomyelitis: concordance with ulcer swab cultures. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42(1):57-62. http://doi.org/10.1086/498112. PMid:16323092.

182 Aslangul E, M’Bemba J, Caillat-Vigneron N, et al. Diagnosing diabetic foot osteomyelitis in patients without signs of soft tissue infection by coupling hybrid 67Ga SPECT/CT with bedside percutaneous bone puncture. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(8):2203-10. http://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-2108. PMid:23514729.

183 Letertre-Gibert P, Desbiez F, Vidal M, et al. Blood cultures after bone biopsy in diabetic foot osteomyelitis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2017;89(1):78-9. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2017.02.011. PMid:28689896.

184 Selva Olid A, Sola I, Barajas-Nava LA, Gianneo OD, Bonfill Cosp X, Lipsky BA. Systemic antibiotics for treating diabetic foot infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(9):CD009061. http://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009061.pub2. PMid:26337865.

185 Dumville JC, Lipsky BA, Hoey C, Cruciani M, Fiscon M, Xia J. Topical antimicrobial agents for treating foot ulcers in people with diabetes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;6(6):CD011038. http://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011038.pub2. PMid:28613416.

186 Arda B, Uysal S, Tasbakan M, et al. Use of tigecycline for diabetic foot infections. Wounds. 2017;29(11):297-305. PMid:28976340.

187 Ingram PR, Rawlins MD, Murray RJ, Roberts JA, Manning L. Tigecycline use in the outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy setting. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016;35(10):1673-7. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-016-2709-6. PMid:27325439.

188 Hurlow JJ, Humphreys GJ, Bowling FL, McBain AJ. Diabetic foot infection: a critical complication. Int Wound J. 2018;15(5):814-21. http://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.12932. PMid:29808598.

189 Lipsky BA, Dryden M, Gottrup F, Nathwani D, Seaton RA, Stryja J. Antimicrobial stewardship in wound care: a position paper from the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy and European Wound Management Association. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71(11):3026-35. http://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkw287. PMid:27494918.

190 Uçkay I, Berli M, Sendi P, Lipsky BA. Principles and practice of antibiotic stewardship in the management of diabetic foot infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2019;32(2):95-101. http://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0000000000000530. PMid:30664029.

191 Uçkay I, Kressmann B, Malacarne S, et al. A randomized, controlled study to investigate the efficacy and safety of a topical gentamicin-collagen sponge in combination with systemic antibiotic therapy in diabetic patients with a moderate or severe foot ulcer infection. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):361. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3253-z. PMid:30068306.

192 Lauf L, Ozsvar Z, Mitha I, et al. Phase 3 study comparing tigecycline and ertapenem in patients with diabetic foot infections with and without osteomyelitis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014;78(4):469-80. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.12.007. PMid:24439136.

193 Siami G, Christou N, Eiseman I, Tack KJ. Clinafloxacin versus piperacillin-tazobactam in treatment of patients with severe skin and soft tissue infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001;45(2):525-31. http://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.45.2.525-531.2001. PMid:11158750.

194 Vick-Fragoso R, Hernández-Oliva G, Cruz-Alcázar J, et al. Efficacy and safety of sequential intravenous/oral moxifloxacin vs intravenous/oral amoxicillin/clavulanate for complicated skin and skin structure infections. Infection. 2009;37(5):407-17. http://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-009-8468-x. PMid:19768381.

195 Abbas M, Uckay I, Lipsky BA. In diabetic foot infections antibiotics are to treat infection, not to heal wounds. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2015;16(6):821-32. http://doi.org/10.1517/14656566.2015.1021780. PMid:25736920.

196 Li HK, Rombach I, Zambellas R, et al. Oral versus intravenous antibiotics for bone and joint infection. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(5):425-36. http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1710926. PMid:30699315.

197 Tone A, Nguyen S, Devemy F, et al. Six-week versus twelve-week antibiotic therapy for nonsurgically treated diabetic foot osteomyelitis: a multicenter open-label controlled randomized study. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(2):302-7. http://doi.org/10.2337/dc14-1514. PMid:25414157.

198 Senneville E, Nguyen S. Current pharmacotherapy options for osteomyelitis: convergences, divergences and lessons to be drawn. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2013;14(6):723-34. http://doi.org/10.1517/14656566.2013.780596. PMid:23496344.

199 Uçkay I, Kressmann B, Di Tommaso S, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the safety and efficacy of a topical gentamicin-collagen sponge in diabetic patients with a mild foot ulcer infection. SAGE Open Med. 2018;6:2050312118773950. http://doi.org/10.1177/2050312118773950. PMid:29785265.

200 Gardner SE, Haleem A, Jao YL, et al. Cultures of diabetic foot ulcers without clinical signs of infection do not predict outcomes. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(10):2693-701. http://doi.org/10.2337/dc14-0051. PMid:25011945.

201 Ulcay A, Karakas A, Mutluoglu M, Uzun G, Turhan V, Ay H. Antibiotherapy with and without bone debridement in diabetic foot osteomyelitis: a retrospective cohor t study. Pak J Med Sci. 2014;30(1):28-31. PMid:24639825.

202 Senneville E, Lombart A, Beltrand E, et al. Outcome of diabetic foot osteomyelitis treated nonsurgically: a retrospective cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(4):637-42. http://doi.org/10.2337/dc07-1744. PMid:18184898.

203 Game FL, Jeffcoate WJ. Primarily non-surgical management of osteomyelitis of the foot in diabetes. Diabetologia. 2008;51(6):962-7. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-008-0976-1. PMid:18385975.

204 Acharya S, Soliman M, Egun A, Rajbhandari SM. Conservative management of diabetic foot osteomyelitis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2013;101(3):e18-20. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2013.06.010. PMid:23850116.

205 Lesens O, Desbiez F, Theis C, et al. Staphylococcusaureus-related diabetic osteomyelitis: medical or surgical management? A French and Spanish retrospective cohort. Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2015;14(3):284-90. http://doi.org/10.1177/1534734614559931. PMid:25515373.

206 Lázaro-Martínez JL, Aragón-Sánchez J, García-Morales E. Antibiotics versus conservative surgery for treating diabetic foot osteomyelitis: a randomized comparative trial. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(3):789-95. http://doi.org/10.2337/dc13-1526. PMid:24130347.

207 Lipsky BA. Treating diabetic foot osteomyelitis primarily with surgery or antibiotics: have we answered the question? Diabetes Care. 2014;37(3):593-5. http://doi.org/10.2337/dc13-2510. PMid:24558076.

208 Kowalski TJ, Matsuda M, Sorenson MD, Gundrum JD, Agger WA. The effect of residual osteomyelitis at the resection margin in patients with surgically treated diabetic foot infection. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2011;50(2):171-5. http://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2010.12.009. PMid:21354001.

209 Atway S, Nerone VS, Springer KD, Woodruff DM. Rate of residual osteomyelitis after partial foot amputation in diabetic patients: a standardized method for evaluating bone margins with intraoperative culture. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2012;51(6):749-52. http://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2012.06.017. PMid:22819618.

210 Hachmöller A. Outcome of minor amputations at the diabetic foot in relation to bone histopathology: a clinical audit. Zentralbl Chir. 2007;132(6):491-6. PMid:18098075.

211 Mijuskovic B, Kuehl R, Widmer AF, et al. Culture of bone biopsy specimens overestimates rate of residual osteomyelitis after toe or forefoot amputation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2018;100(17):1448-54. http://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.17.01152. PMid:30180052.

212 Savvidou OD, Kaspiris A, Bolia IK, et al. Effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for the management of chronic osteomyelitis: a systematic review of the literature. Orthopedics. 2018;41(4):193-9. http://doi.org/10.3928/01477447-20180628-02. PMid:30035798.

213 Doctor N, Pandya S, Supe A. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in diabetic foot. J Postgrad Med. 1992;38(3):112-4, 111. PMid:1303408.

214 Dissemond J, Kroger K, Storck M, Risse A, Engels P. Topical oxygen wound therapies for chronic wounds: a review. J Wound Care. 2015;24(2):53-4, 56-60, 62-3. http://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2015.24.2.53. PMid:25647433.

215 Game FL, Apelqvist J, Attinger C, et al. Effectiveness of interventions to enhance healing of chronic ulcers of the foot in diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2016;32(Suppl 1):154-68. http://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.2707. PMid:26344936.

216 Galhoum AE, Trivedi V, Askar M, et al. Management of ankle charcot neuroarthropathy: a systematic review. J Clin Med. 2021;10(24):5923. http://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10245923. PMid:34945220.

217 Vopat ML, Nentwig MJ, Chong ACM, Agan JL, Shields NN, Yang SY. Initial diagnosis and management for acute charcot neuroarthropathy. Kans J Med. 2018;11(4):114-9. http://doi.org/10.17161/kjm.v11i4.8709. PMid:30937152.

218 Cates NK, Wagler EC, Bunka TJ, et al. Charcot reconstruction: outcomes in patients with and without diabetes. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2020;59(6):1229-33. http://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2020.05.019. PMid:32921562.

219 Güven MF, Karabiber A, Kaynak G, Oğüt T. Conservative and surgical treatment of the chronic Charcot foot and ankle. Diabet Foot Ankle. 2013;4(1):1-10. http://doi.org/10.3402/dfa.v4i0.21177. PMid:23919114.

220 Hester T, Kavarthapu V. Etiology, epidemiology, and outcomes of managing charcot arthropathy. Foot Ankle Clin. 2022;27(3):583-94. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcl.2022.03.002. PMid:36096553.

221 Yousaf S, Dawe EJC, Saleh A, Gill IR, Wee A. The acute Charcot foot in diabetics: Diagnosis and management. EFORT Open Rev. 2018;3(10):568-73. http://doi.org/10.1302/2058-5241.3.180003. PMid:30662765.

222 Jones PJ, Davies MJ, Webb D, Berrington R, Frykberg RG. Contralateral foot temperature monitoring during Charcot immo- bilisation: a systematic review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2023;39(4):e3619. http://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3619. PMid:36728905.

223 Macdonald A, Petrova N, Ainarkar S, et al. Thermal symmetry of healthy feet: a precursor to a thermal study of diabetic feet prior to skin breakdown. Physiol Meas. 2017;38(1):33-44. http://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6579/38/1/33. PMid:27941234.

224 Macdonald A, Petrova N, Ainarker S, et al. Between visit variability of thermal imaging of feet in people attending podiatric clinics with diabetic neuropathy at high risk of developing foot ulcers. Physiol Meas. 2019;40(8):084004. http://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6579/ab36d7. PMid:31362275.

225 De Bruijn J, Hagemeijer NC, Rikken QGH, et al. Lisfranc injury: refined diagnostic methodology using weightbearing and non‐ weightbearing radiographs. Injury. 2022;53(6):2318-25. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2022.02.040. PMid:35227511.

226 Ahluwalia R, Bilal A, Petrova N, et al. The role of bone scintigraphy with SPECT/CT in the characterization and early diagnosis of stage 0 charcot neuroarthropathy. J Clin Med. 2020;9(12):1-14. http://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9124123. PMid:33371286.

227 Fosbøl M, Reving S, Petersen EH, Rossing P, Lajer M, Zerahn B. Three‐phase bone scintigraphy for diagnosis of Charcot neuro- pathic osteoarthropathy in the diabetic foot ‐ does quantitative data improve diagnostic value? Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2017;37(1):30-6. http://doi.org/10.1111/cpf.12264. PMid:26147681.

228 Rosenbaum AJ, DiPreta JA. Classifications in brief: Eichenholtz classification of Charcot arthropathy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473(3):1168-71. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-014-4059-y. PMid:25413713.

229 Christensen TM, Gade-Rasmussen B, Pedersen LW, Hommel E, Holstein PE, Svendsen OL. Duration of off-loading and recurrence rate in Charcot osteo-arthropathy treated with less restrictive regimen with removable walker. J Diabetes Complications. 2012;26(5):430-4. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2012.05.006. PMid:22699112.

230 Chantelau E. The perils of procrastination: effects of early vs. delayed detection and treatment of incipient Charcot fracture. Diabet Med. 2005;22(12):1707-12. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01677.x. PMid:16401316.

231 Wukich DK, Sung W, Wipf SA, Armstrong DG. The consequences of complacency: managing the effects of unrecognized Charcot feet. Diabet Med. 2011;28(2):195-8. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03141.x. PMid:21219429.

232 Miller R. NEMISIS: Neuropathic Minimally Invasive Surgeries. Charcot midfoot reconstruction, surgical technique, pearls and pitfalls. Foot Ankle Clin. 2022;27(3):567-81. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcl.2022.05.001. PMid:36096552.

233 Milne TE, Rogers JR, Kinnear EM, et al. Developing an evidence-based clinical pathway for the assessment, diagnosis and management of acute Charcot Neuro-Arthropathy: a systematic review. J Foot Ankle Res. 2013;6(1):30. http://doi.org/10.1186/1757-1146-6-30. PMid:23898912.

234 Chantelau EA, Richter A. The acute diabetic Charcot foot managed on the basis of magnetic resonance imaging: a review of 71 cases. Swiss Med Wkly. 2013;143:w13831. http://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2013.13831. PMid:23897135.

235 Chantelau E-A, Antoniou S, Zweck B, Haage P. Follow up of MRI bone marrow edema in the treated diabetic Charcot foot: a review of patient charts. Diabet Foot Ankle. 2018;9(1):1466611. http://doi.org/10.1080/2000625X.2018.1466611. PMid:29713425.

236 Gooday C, Game F, Woodburn J, et al. A randomised feasibility study of serial magnetic resonance imaging to reduce treatment times in Charcot neuroarthropathy in people with diabetes (CADOM). J Foot Ankle Res. 2023;16(1):2. http://doi.org/10.1186/s13047-023-00601-7. PMid:36703174.

237 Petrova NL, Dew TK, Musto RL, et al. Inflammatory and bone turnover markers in a cross‐sectional and prospective study of acute Charcot osteoarthropathy. Diabet Med. 2015;32(2):267-73. http://doi.org/10.1111/dme.12590. PMid:25251588.

238 Petrova NL, Moniz C, Elias DA, Buxton‐Thomas M, Bates M, Edmonds ME. Is there a systemic inflammatory response in the acute charcot foot? Diabetes Care. 2007;30(4):997-8. http://doi.org/10.2337/dc06-2168. PMid:17392560.

239 Folestad A, Alund M, Asteberg S, et al. IL‐17 cytokines in bone healing of diabetic Charcot arthropathy patients: a prospective 2 year follow‐up study. J Foot Ankle Res. 2015;8(1):39. http://doi.org/10.1186/s13047-015-0096-3. PMid:26288655.

240 Schara K, Stukelj R, Krek JL, et al. A study of extracellular vesicle concentration in active diabetic Charcot neuroarthropathy. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2017;98:58-63. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2016.09.009. PMid:27637291.

241 Hingsammer AM, Bauer D, Renner N, Borbas P, Boeni T, Berli M. Correlation of systemic inflammatory markers with radiographic stages of Charcot osteoarthropathy. Foot Ankle Int. 2016;37(9):924-8. http://doi.org/10.1177/1071100716649173. PMid:27162224.

242 Gough A, Abraha H, Li F, et al. Measurement of markers of osteoclast and osteoblast activity in patients with acute and chronic diabetic Charcot neuroarthropathy. Diabet Med. 1997;14(7):527-31. http://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199707)14:7<527::AID-DIA404>3.0.CO;2-Q. PMid:9223389.

243 Moura‐Neto A, Fernandes TD, Zantut‐Wittmann DE, et al. Charcot foot: skin temperature as a good clinical parameter for predicting disease outcome. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2012;96(2):e11-4. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2011.12.029. PMid:22296852.

244 Schlossbauer T, Mioc T, Sommerey S, Kessler SB, Reiser MF, Pfeifer KJ. Magnetic resonance imaging in early stage charcot arthrop- athy: correlation of imaging findings and clinical symptoms. Eur J Med Res. 2008;13(9):409-14. PMid:18948232.
 


Submetido em:
22/05/2023

Aceito em:
12/12/2023

Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular (SBACV)"> Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular (SBACV)">
6645072aa95395577e596822 jvb Articles
Links & Downloads

J Vasc Bras

Share this page
Page Sections