Jornal Vascular Brasileiro
https://jvascbras.org/article/doi/10.1590/S1677-54492008000100006
Jornal Vascular Brasileiro
Original Article

Investigação da trombose venosa na gravidez

Deep vein thrombosis during pregnancy work up

Jorge Agle Kalil; Marco Antonio C. Jovino; Marcelo Arriaga de Lima; Renato Kalil; Maria Elisa Ruffolo Magliari; Marcelo K. Di Santo

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1677-54492008000100006 J Vasc Bras, vol.7, n1, p.28-37, 2008
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Resumo

CONTEXTO: A trombose venosa profunda (TVP) na gravidez é fator determinante no aumento da morbidade e da mortalidade maternofetal. Pode ocorrer na presença de trombofilias, por compressão da veia cava inferior, estase venosa ou alterações hormonais. OBJETIVOS: Analisar pacientes grávidas e no pós-parto imediato portadoras de TVP em membros inferiores, pesquisar as possíveis causas de trombofilia e realizar revisão de literatura. MÉTODOS: Foram analisadas gestantes e puérperas encaminhadas por ginecologistas e obstetras com quadro clínico suspeito de TVP, de janeiro de 2004 a novembro de 2006, período em que foram realizados 24.437 partos no Hospital e Maternidade São Luiz (HMSL), sendo 89% cesarianas, 7,5% partos normais e 3,5% fórceps. Do total de pacientes encaminhadas com quadro clínico sugestivo, foram realizados 42 diagnósticos clínicos de TVP em gestantes com idade entre 21 e 39 anos, confirmados por duplex scan venoso. Imediatamente antes da introdução da terapia anticoagulante, foram colhidos exames para pesquisa de trombofilia, os quais foram repetidos após o período de tratamento. RESULTADOS: Das 42 pacientes portadoras de TVP, 32 eram primigestas (três gemelares sem alterações trombofílicas, duas por fecundação in vitro), oito secundigestas e duas tercigestas. Em quatro pacientes, a TVP ocorreu no primeiro trimestre da gestação (9,5%); em 11, no segundo trimestre (26,2%); em 27, no terceiro trimestre (64,3%). Dos 42 casos de diagnóstico de TVP, 18 (42,8%) ocorreram nas veias infrapatelares. Houve um caso de tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP) em paciente de 37 anos que havia realizado fecundação in vitro, com gestação gemelar, e TVP (ausência de trombofilia) diagnosticada após a cesariana. Das 42 pacientes, 16 (38,1%) tiveram a causa da TVP estabelecida, com prevalência de mutação heterozigótica do fator V de Leiden (FVL) em seis pacientes (14,2%), seguida pela síndrome antifosfolípide e outras. A maioria das pacientes foi tratada com heparina de baixo peso molecular. CONCLUSÃO: A TVP na gravidez, apesar de sua baixa freqüência, aumenta consideravelmente a morbidade maternofetal. A pesquisa de trombofilia deve ser realizada em casos selecionados, tais como antecedentes pessoais ou familiares de fenômenos trombóticos e/ou trombofilia. A gestação gemelar, a cesariana e a inseminação artificial também foram fatores predisponentes para a ocorrência de TVP.

Palavras-chave

Trombose venosa profunda, trombose, gestação, gravidez, anticoagulante, heparina

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) during pregnancy is a determining factor that contributes to increased maternal-fetal morbidity and mortality. It may occur when there is thrombophilia, due to compression of the inferior vena cava, venous stasis or hormonal changes. OBJECTIVES: To assess patients who are pregnant or have just given birth and who have a DVT condition in the lower limbs, to search for possible causes of thrombophilia and to perform a review of the literature. METHODS: Pregnant and puerperal patients were assessed by gynecologists and obstetricians when there was suspicion of DVT, from January 2004 through November 2006, during which time there were 24,437 childbirths at Hospital e Maternidade São Luiz; of these, 89% were cesarean, 7.5% were normal births and 3.5% were forceps deliveries. Of the total number of patients referred with a clinical status suggesting DVT, 42 cases were clinically diagnosed as DVT, in pregnant women aged between 21-39 years, confirmed by venous duplex scan. Right before the introduction of anticoagulant therapy, samples were collected to investigate thrombophilia, which were repeated after the treatment. RESULTS: Of the 42 patients with DVT, 32 were primigravid (three twin pregnancies with no thrombophilic changes, two resulting from in vitro fecundation), eight were mothers at second birth and two were at third birth. In four patients, DVT occurred in the first trimester of pregnancy (9.5%), in 11 patients DVT was present in the second trimester (26.2%) and in 27 patients the disease developed in the third trimester of pregnancy (64.3%). Of the 42 patients diagnosed with DVT, 18 (42.8%) occurred in infrapatellar veins. There was a case of pulmonary thromboembolism in a 37-year-old patient, who had been submitted to in vitro fecundation, with twin pregnancy and a diagnostic of DVT (no thrombophilia) after a cesarean section. Of the 42 patients, 16 (38.1%) had the cause of their DVT determined, with a prevalence of heterozygous mutation of factor V Leiden in six patients (14.2%), followed by phospholipid syndrome and other causes. Most patients were treated with low-molecular-weight heparin. CONCLUSION: DVT during pregnancy, despite having low frequency, is a major cause of increased maternal-fetal morbidity. Investigation of thrombophilia should be conducted in selected cases, such as personal or family history of thrombotic phenomena and/or thrombophilia. Twin pregnancy, cesarean birth and artificial insemination were also found as factors leading to DVT.

Keywords

Deep venous thrombosis, thrombosis, pregnancy, anticoagulant, heparin

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