Jornal Vascular Brasileiro
https://jvascbras.org/article/doi/10.1590/S1677-54492011000200009
Jornal Vascular Brasileiro
Artigo de Revisão

Novos anticoagulantes para a profilaxia do tromboembolismo venoso em cirurgias ortopédicas de grande porte

New anticoagulants for the prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism

Ricardo de Alvarenga Yoshida; Winston Bonetti Yoshida; Hamilton de Almeida Rollo

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1677-54492011000200009 J Vasc Bras, vol.10, n2, p.145-153, 2011
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Resumo

Após cerca de 50 anos de experiência com a heparina e antagonistas da vitamina K (AVK), pesquisas e estudos com novos anticoagulantes vêm evoluindo de forma crescente nos últimos anos. Embora consagrados pelo uso, os anticoagulantes tradicionais têm limitações importantes em termos de controle laboratorial, complicações, efeitos colaterais, interações com medicamentos e dieta. A heparina não fracionada (HNF) tem interação com proteínas plasmáticas e parede vascular, pode desencadear trombocitopenia induzida pela heparina (TIH), só pode ser administrada por via parenteral, exige controle laboratorial pelo teste da tromboplastina parcial ativada (TTPa), pode provocar osteoporose e alopecia quando usada por períodos prolongados e sua produção tem origem biológica. A AVK tem a vantagem de poder ser ministrada por via oral, mas o controle (feito pela razão normatizada internacional) pode ser difícil em alguns casos, já que tem início de ação demorado, janela terapêutica estreita, interação com dieta e grande número de medicamentos, pode provocar necrose de pele em portadores de deficiência de antitrombina e de proteínas C e S, e pode induzir alterações fetais quando usada na gravidez. Na década de 1980, surgiram as heparinas de baixo peso molecular, que foram uma evolução da heparina não fracionada, pois apresentaram maior biodisponibilidade, dosagem por peso corporal, sem necessidade de controle laboratorial, administração por via subcutânea, menor risco de trombocitopenia induzida pela heparina, e eficácia e segurança similares à heparina não fracionada. Na última década surgiram, então, uma série de novos anticoagulantes no mercado, os quais têm apresentado resultados promissores em várias situações de profilaxia e tratamento do tromboembolismo venoso. Nesta revisão, são apresentados as novas heparinas de baixo peso molecular, as heparinas de ultrabaixo peso molecular, os pentassacarídeos, os novos inibidores diretos do fator Xa e inibidores do fator IIa.

Palavras-chave

Anticoagulantes, heparina, heparina de baixo peso molecular, varfarina, revisão, tromboembolia venosa

Abstract

After about 50 years of experience with heparin and vitamin K antagonists (VKA), research and clinical studies of new anticoagulants have recently evolved . Although traditional anticoagulants have proven to be clinically useful, they have important limitations in terms of laboratory control, complications, side effects and interactions with medications and food. .Unfractionated heparin interacts with plasma proteins and the vascular wall, may trigger thrombocytopenia, can only be administered parenterally, requires control by the laboratory test of partial thromboplastin time, may cause osteoporosis and alopecia when used for long periods and it is produced from biological sources. VKA have the advantage of being administered orally, but the control (made by the international normalized ratio) can be difficult in some cases, since they have delayed onset of action and metabolism and a narrow therapeutic window. They also interact with foods and with a large number of medications, can cause skin necrosis in patients with antithrombin and protein C and S deficiencies and may induce fetal changes when prescribed in pregnancy. In the 1980´s the low-molecular-weight heparins were developed and proved to be an evolution over unfractionated heparin, because of their greater bio-availability, fixed dose per body weight, no need for laboratory control, subcutaneous administration, lower risk of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, and efficacy and safety similar to unfractionated heparin. Over the last decade, a series of new anticoagulants have appeared in the market and shown promising results in several situations of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and treatment. In the present review, the new low-molecular-weight heparins, ultra-low molecular weight heparin, pentasaccharides and the new direct inhibitors of factor Xa and factor IIa.are addressed.

Keywords

Anticoagulants, heparin, heparin, low-molecular-weight, warfarin, review, venous thromboembolism

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